The 33rd Division served in World War I and beyond. The division was trained at Camp Logan in Houston, Texas as part of the National state guard in Illinois. The first unit went to France in 1918. The first unit to go into France was the 108th Engineers, under Colonel Henry A. Allen.
During World War I, the 33rd Division's officers included Second LieutenantJohn Allan Wyeth, who has been called the only American poet of the Great War who can stand up to comparison with British war poetsSiegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen. Wyeth later immortalized his war experiences with the 33rd U.S. Division in the 1928 sonnet sequenceThis Man's Army: A War in Fifty-Odd Sonnets.
On 20 and 21 June the division went to the Amiens sector, where there was expected to be a major German attack. The division was trained by British Army and Commonwealth soldiers – in particular the Australian Corps – and was part of some of their operations.
British KingGeorge V and GeneralJohn J. Pershing inspecting men from every unit of the U.S. 33rd Division which took part in the fighting at Hamel on 4 July and Chipilly on 8 August. Molliens, 12 August 1918.
The first major battle in which elements of the 33rd Division took part was the Battle of Hamel on 4 July. Individual platoons from four companies from the 131st Infantry and 132nd Infantry were distributed among Australian battalions, to gain combat experience. This, however, occurred without official approval as there was controversy regarding the battlefield command of US troops by junior officers from other countries. Thus, while Hamel was a relatively minor battle by the standards of World War I, it was historically significant as the first occasion on which US Army personnel had fought alongside British Empire forces, and demonstrated that the previously inexperienced American troops could play an effective role in the war. The battle was also historically significant for the use of innovative assault tactics, devised by the Australian General John Monash, were demonstrated.
A pause for celebration. Doughboys of the 33rd Division liberate some German refreshments on the Meuse–Argonne front, October 1918.
The 33rd Division was in reserve behind the British Fourth Army at the opening of the August offensive for emergencies only. With the British III Corps attack stalling at Chipilly Ridge during the Battle of Amiens, the 131st Regiment of the 33rd Division was sent to assist on 9 August, which it did with distinction.[9] The following day the Regiment was attached to the 4th Australian Division and remained there until 12 August. From 12 August until 20 August it was combined with the 13th Australian Brigade in what was called the Liaison Force commanded by Brigadier General E. A. Wisdom. This was designed to hold the front from the Somme to the Bray-Sur-Somme to Corbie road to relieve the 4th Australian Division from the operation.[10] After this it returned to the 33rd US Division.
British Brigadier-General Cyril Wagstaff confers the Military Cross upon First Lieutenant George W. Sherwood of the 131st Infantry. (Larochette, 1919-01-20)
On 23 August, the division was moved to the Toul sector. The 33rd Division fought in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign from 26 September 1918 to the end of the battle on 10 November 1918. The last mission in which the 33rd Division took part was on 27 December 1918.
In total, from the 33rd arriving in France to the German armistice on 11 November 1918, the division captured 13 units of heavy artillery and 87 pieces of light artillery. Also, they captured 460 machine guns and 430 light guns. In total, the entire division gained 40,300 meters of land in World War I. The 33rd Division was the only unit in the war to have machine gun barrage enemy nests while infantry turned the position. In total, the 33rd Division received 215 American decorations, 56 British decorations, and various others.[11][12]
As result of its World War I service, the division remains the only US Army division that has fought as part of British Army and French Army corps.
Order of battle
In 1918, the 33rd Division was organized as follows:
129th, 130th, 131st, and 132nd Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals
Interwar Years
The 33rd Division headquarters arrived at Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the USS Mount Vernon on 17 May 1919 after 12 months of overseas service and was demobilized on 6 June 1919 at Camp Grant. In accordance with the National Defense Act of 1920, the division was allotted to the state of Illinois and assigned to the VI Corps in 1921.[13] The division headquarters was reorganized and federally recognized on 13 December 1923 at 115 East Ontario Street, in Chicago. Most elements of the division were concentrated in the northern part of the state in and around Chicago. Each company of the 108th Engineer Regiment was sponsored by a major Illinois industrial or transportation concern: Company A by the Peoples Gas, Light, and Coke Company, Company B by Commonwealth Edison, Company C by the Elevated Railroad, Company D by the Illinois Central Railroad, Company E by the International Harvester Company, and Company F by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. Regular Army officers were detailed to act as instructors for the 33rd, supervising National Guard officers who conducted the usual training. One of these officers was Colonel George C. Marshall, who served as head instructor for the 33rd Division from 1933 to 1936.[13]
The designated mobilization training center for the “Prairie Division” was initially Camp Grant, where much of the division’s training activities occurred between the wars. The mobilization training center for the division was changed to Fort Huachuca, Arizona, in the 1939 Protective Mobilization Plan. The division, less the 58th Field Artillery Brigade, conducted summer camp most years at Camp Grant from 1922 to 1939; the 58th Field Artillery Brigade conducted most of its camps in the 1920s at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, and Camp Knox, Kentucky, so that its subordinate battalions could conduct live-fire training at the ranges located there. For at least one year, in 1937, the division’s subordinate units trained over 170 company-grade officers of the 86th Division at Camp Grant and Camp McCoy. The division staff usually conducted command post exercises (CPXs) and staff training concurrent with the subordinate unit camps. However, in May 1932 the staff participated in the Sixth Corps Area CPX held at Camp Custer, Michigan, and in the corps area CPX held in Chicago in May 1936. Additionally, the division staff participated in the Second Army CPX in August 1938 held at Fort Knox. The division’s staff was generally acknowledged as one of the best in the National Guard and performed well in these CPXs. Much of the staff’s efficiency was attributed to George C. Marshall. For the 1936 camp, the division participated in the Sixth Corps Area phase of the Second Army maneuvers at Camp Custer. During that maneuver, the 33rd Division operated against the 32nd Division in a force-on-force exercise. The “Prairie Division” also participated in the Second Army maneuvers in 1940 held at Camp McCoy. The division was relieved from the VI Corps on 30 December 1940 and assigned to the VII Corps.[14]
Commanders
Major General Milton J. Foreman (13 December 1923 – 27 January 1927)
Brigadier General Abel Davis (27 January–16 February 1927) (ad interim)
Major General Roy D. Keehn (16 February 1927–May 1940)
Major General Samuel T. Lawton (16 May 1940 – 30 April 1942)
Order of battle
In 1939, headquarters locations of divisional units were as follows. Italics indicates the state of headquarters allocation; headquarters not organized or inactive.
Headquarters, 33rd Division (Chicago)
Headquarters Detachment, 33rd Division (Chicago)
Headquarters, Special Troops, 33rd Division (Chicago)
Headquarters Detachment, Special Troops (Chicago)
Medical Department Detachment, Special Troops (Chicago)
Commanders: Maj. Gen. Samuel T. Lawton (March 1941 – May 1942), Maj. Gen. Frank Mahin (May–July 1942), Maj. Gen. John Millikin (August 1942 – September 1943), Maj. Gen. Percy W. Clarkson (October 1943 – November 1945); Brig. Gen. W. G. Skelton (November 1945 to inactivation).
Inactivated: 3 February 1946 in Japan.
Order of battle, 1942-1945
Headquarters, 33rd Infantry Division
123rd Infantry Regiment
130th Infantry Regiment
136th Infantry Regiment
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 33rd Infantry Division Artillery
122nd Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
123rd Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
124th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
210th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
108th Engineer Combat Battalion
108th Medical Battalion
33rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
Headquarters, Special Troops, 33rd Infantry Division
Headquarters Company, 33rd Division
733rd Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
33rd Quartermaster Company
33rd Signal Company
Military Police Platoon
Band
33rd Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
During its combat operations, divisions usually had various units attached in support of it and other organic units detached. Where those attachments and detachments are well-documented for the divisions that fought in the European Theater of Operations, documentation is poorer for those divisions which fought in the Pacific.
Initial training
The 33rd Division was inducted into federal service on 5 March 1941. Instead of Fort Huachuca, the division proceeded to Camp Forrest, near Tullahoma, Tennessee. Camp Forrest was formerly Camp Peay, a Tennessee National Guard facility that had been taken over by the War Department after the outbreak of World War II. In April 1941, Illinois draftees sent from Camp Grant and Fort Sheridan arrived to bring the 33rd Division to full strength. After completing basic training, the division was tested by VII Corps officials before being allowed to progress; the division achieved the best aggregate score of the VII Corps' three infantry divisions on these tests, performing better than either the 27th or 35th Infantry Divisions. In August 1941, the 33rd Division was redesignated as the 33rd Infantry Division. The 33rd Infantry Division and the rest of the VII Corps subsequently participated in the major Louisiana Maneuvers held in southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana in August and September, after which the division returned to Camp Forrest. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, the 33rd Infantry Division was dispersed to guard major industrial plants, dams, and railroads in Alabama and Tennessee, being recalled to Camp Forrest after one month.
Reorganization and further training
The 132nd Infantry Regiment was detached from the division on 14 January 1942 for service in New Caledonia with the task force that would eventually form the Americal Division.
The 33rd Infantry Division was ordered to convert from the "square" to the "triangular" organization on 21 February 1942. The 65th and 66th Infantry Brigade headquarters and the 58th Field Artillery Brigade headquarters were inactivated. The 131st Infantry Regiment was detached for non-divisional service in the continental United States and sent to Fort Brady, near Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, to guard the Soo Locks. The engineer, field artillery, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reduced to battalions; the 108th Engineer (Combat) Regiment was broken up and the headquarters, Headquarters and Service Company, and Companies A, B, and C became the 108th Engineer Combat Battalion, which remained with the division. The Headquarters, 1st Battalion was inactivated on 21 February 1942 and the 2nd Battalion became the 181st Engineer Battalion (Heavy Pontoon), an engineering unit.
To maintain the 33rd Infantry Division with three regiments, the 136th Infantry Regiment, originally a Minnesota National Guard unit inactive during the interwar period, was reconstituted in the Army of the United States, activated with new recruits and personnel transferred from elsewhere in the division, and assigned to the division on 1 April 1942. In 1942, three National Guard divisions, the 30th, 31st, and 33rd, became "virtual pools" for the Army Service Forces in the activation of new service units. In July 1942, 2,000 personnel from all arms and services were taken from the 33rd Infantry Division and sent to Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, to form the nucleus of the Engineer Amphibian Command and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Engineer Special Brigades that were being activated there.
On 31 July 1942, the regimental headquarters, auxiliary troops, and the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 129th Infantry were detached from the 33rd Infantry Division and were sent as a task force to the Pacific Theater. The regiment was later assigned to the 37th Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion remained behind to cadre a new regiment. As a result of these rapid personnel transfers. the division declined from a strength of 13,200 to only 8,400 in August 1942. The division was then promised immunity from further stripping, and was given priority on the receipt of trained filler replacements. The 123rd Infantry Regiment (unrelated in lineage to an earlier Alabama National Guard formation of the same designation that saw service in World War I as a part of the 31st Division) was constituted in the Army of the United States on 24 August 1942 and assigned to the division on 28 September.
In September, the 33rd Infantry Division was transferred to Fort Lewis, Washington and assigned to the IX Corps. In October, November, and December, filler replacements arrived at Fort Lewis to bring the 33rd Infantry Division to full strength once again. From March to June 1943, the division participated in maneuvers in the Desert Training Center, located in the Mojave Desert in Arizona and California. After the maneuvers, the 33rd Infantry Division received its port call and shipped out to Camp Stoneman, near Pittsburg, California.[15]
Action in the Pacific Theater
The 33rd Infantry Division arrived in Hawaii on 12 July 1943. While guarding installations, it received training in jungle warfare. On 11 May 1944, it arrived in New Guinea where it received additional training. The 123rd Infantry Regiment arrived at Maffin Bay on 1 September, to provide perimeter defense around the Wakde Airdrome and in the Toem–Sarmi sector. The 123rd was relieved on 26 January 1945. Elements of the 33rd arrived at Morotai, on 18 December 1944 and landings were made on the west coast of the island on 22 December, without opposition and defensive perimeters were established. Aggressive patrols were sent out which encountered scattered resistance. The 33rd then landed at Lingayen Gulf, on Luzon, on 10 February 1945, and relieved the 43rd Infantry Division in the Damortis–Rosario Pozorrubio area, over the period 13–15 February. The division drove into the Caraballo Mountains on 19 February, toward its objective, Baguio, the summer capital of the Philippines and the headquarters of General Tomoyuki Yamashita.[16]
Fighting against a fanatical enemy entrenched in the hills, the 33rd took Aringay on 7 March, Mount Calugong on 8 April, and Mount Mirador on 25 April. Baguio and Camp John Hay fell on 26 April, under the concerted attack of the 33rd and the 37th Infantry Divisions. Manuel Roxas, later President of the Philippines, was freed during the capture of Baguio, which was liberated by the 33rd and Filipino soldiers of the 66th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL on 27 April. After mopping up isolated pockets of Japanese troops, the division captured the San Nicholas–Tebbo–Itogon route on 12 May. All elements went to rest and rehabilitation areas on 30 June 1945. The division landed on Honshū Island, Japan, on 25 September, and then performed occupation duties until it was deactivated in early 1946.[citation needed]
The 33rd Infantry Division was reformed as an all-Illinois National Guard division on 7 November 1946. However, some of its former units were assigned to the 44th Infantry Division, which was also reorganized in the postwar Guard structure as an Illinois-based division.[18]
By 1954, the division's infantry and artillery units included the 129th, 130th, and 131st Infantry Regiments, and the 122nd, 123rd, 124th, and 210th Field Artillery Battalions.[19] A number of National Guard divisions were deactivated in 1968, including the 33rd Infantry Division on 1 February 1968. However, in its place the 33rd Infantry Brigade was organised.[20] On 1 February 1968, the 178th Infantry Regiment was reorganized to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 33rd Infantry Brigade. The 33rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team carries on the division's heritage, and circa 2010 was assigned to the 35th Infantry Division.[citation needed]
Notable members
Abel Davis, commanded the 132nd Infantry Regiment of the 33rd Division during World War I
Clayton K. Slack, served in 124th Machine Gun Battalion during World War I
Joseph B. Sanborn, commanded the 131st Infantry Regiment of the 33rd Division during World War I
^ abDaily, Ed (1996). 33rd Infantry Division: The Golden Cross Division (Limited ed.). Paducah, Ky.: Turner Pub. p. 8. ISBN1-56311-264-7.
^Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 1. The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations, 1919-41. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 228–229. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^33rd Infantry Division Historical Committee (1948). The Golden Cross, a History of the 33rd Infantry Division in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. pp. 6–20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Wilson, John B. (1998). "Chapter 12: Flexible Response". Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Army Lineages Series. Washington D.C: Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
Bibliography
Cioper, Nicole M. Prairie Division The Thirty-Third in the Great War, 1917–1919. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Military Museum, 1997. OCLC855688345
Daily, Edward L. 33rd Infantry Division: The Golden Cross Division. Paducah, Ky: Turner Pub, 1996. ISBN1-56311-264-7. OCLC38169636
Harris, Barnett W. and Dudley J. Nelson. 33rd Division Across No-Man's Land. Chicago, Ill.: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 1919. OCLC70691220
Huidekoper, Frederic Louis. The History of the 33rd Division, A.E.F. Springfield, Ill: Illinois State Historical Library, 1921. OCLC5175547
Johnson, F.B. Phantom Warrior: The Heroic True Story of Pvt. John McKinney's One-Man Stand against the Japanese in World War II. New York : Berkeley Caliber, 2007. ISBN0-425-21566-0OCLC71126807
Montgomery, A.A. (Major General), The Story of the Fourth Army in the Battles of the Hundred Days, August 8th to November 11th, 1918, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1919
Payan, Jack Louis. World War 1, 1918: Kankakee (Illinois) Doughboys, Company L, 129th Infantry, 33rd (Prairie) Division. [Palos Heights, Ill.]: J.L. Payan, 2008. OCLC256760135
Phipps, John R. A Short History of the 130th Infantry Regiment, 33d Infantry Division, Illinois National Guard. 1959. OCLC16835243
United States. The Golden Cross: A History of the 33rd Infantry Division in World War II. Nashville: Battery Press, 2000. ISBN0-89839-302-7OCLC47785230
Wilson, John B. (1997). Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, DC: Center of Military History. OCLC30625000
Winston, Sanford H. The Golden Cross: A History of the 33rd Infantry Division in World War II. Washington [D.C.]: Infantry Journal Press, 1948. OCLC220297114
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