The effects of the September 11 attacks of the previous year had a significant impact on the affairs of 2002. The war on terror was a major political focus. Without settled international law, several nations engaged in anti-terror operations, and human rights concerns arose surrounding the treatment of suspected terrorists. Elsewhere, the Colombian conflict and the Nepalese Civil War represented some of the most severe militant conflicts, while the conflict between India and Pakistan was the only one between two sovereign nations. Religious tensions permeated the year, including violence between Hindus and Muslims in India during violent riots and other attacks and attacks on Jews in response to the Second Intifada. The Catholic Church grappled with scrutiny amid sexual abuse cases.
East Timor was established as a new sovereign nation, and the African Union began operating as a new intergovernmental organization. The International Criminal Court was founded in July. The global economy was stagnant as it slowly moved past the early 2000s recession. South America endured an economic crisis, and the telecommunications and information technology industries faced their own economic declines. The Euro was introduced as a new currency at the beginning of the year.
The year 2002 was the second hottest on record at the time. Eruptions of Mount Nyiragongo severely affected surrounding populations in central Africa. The discovery of Quaoar in October challenged the conventional definition of a planet. Small RNA was discovered in 2002, and the human ancestor Sahelanthropus was first described.
The world population on January 1, 2002, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people, and it increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2003.[1] An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2002.[1] The average global life expectancy was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2001.[1] The rate of child mortality was 7.05%, a decrease of 0.27pp from 2001.[2] 26.85% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 1.40pp from 2000.[3]
The number of global refugees was approximately 12 million at the beginning of 2002, but it declined to 10.3 million by the end of the year. Approximately 2.4 million refugees were repatriated in 2002, of which 2 million were Afghan. 293,000 additional refugees were displaced in 2002, primarily from Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Somalia, Ivory Coast, and the Central African Republic.[4]
There were 31 recognized armed conflicts in 2002, a net decrease from the previous year: seven conflicts ended in 2001, while conflicts in Angola, Congo, and Ivory Coast began or resumed in 2002.[5] The deadliest conflicts in 2002 were those in Burundi, Colombia, Kashmir, Nepal, and Sudan.[5] Among developed nations in 2002, national defense shifted toward counterterrorism after the September 11 attacks and the invasion of Afghanistan the previous year. Conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Israel, and the Philippines were directly related to countering Islamic terrorism.[6]: 87
Internal conflicts
The Colombian conflict escalated after far-left insurgents occupied demilitarized zones and kidnapped Íngrid Betancourt, effectively ending peace talks. The insurgents began bombing cities, and over 200,000 Colombians were displaced by the conflict in 2002.[6]: 91–92
The Nepalese Civil War escalated in 2002, with casualties approximately equaling the combined totals from 1996 to 2001; half of this increase was civilian casualties, as civilians were targeted by both the Nepali government and the communist insurgents.[6]: 88–89 Chechen insurgents in Russia escalated their attacks during the Second Chechen War, destroying a Russian Mil Mi-26 in August and causing a hostage crisis in Moscow.[6]: 93–94 The Second Liberian Civil War also escalated, causing widespread displacement of civilians.[7]: 90
Conflicts that saw some form of resolution in 2002 include the Eelam War III in Sri Lanka, which was halted with a ceasefire agreement in February,[6]: 98 and the Angolan Civil War, which was resolved in April with a ceasefire between the Angolan government and UNITA.[7]: 89 Internationally brokered peace talks advanced in the Second Sudanese Civil War,[6]: 102 some factions of the Somali Civil War,[6]: 106 and the Second Congo War, with the latter producing an agreement on December 17 to create a Congolese transitional government.[6]: 100–101 Afghanistan underwent its first year without direct military conflict in over two decades, though sporadic attacks were carried out by the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda.[7]: 256 An agreement was reached with the government of Burundi and the CNDD-FDD on December 3, but the other major faction in Burundi, the Palipehutu-FNL, did not participate in peace talks.[5]
The largest attack on civilians in 2002 was a series of bombings in Bali that killed or injured hundreds on October 12, with Australian tourists making up a large portion of the victims.[8]: 228 Major attacks also took place in Kenya on November 28, bombing Israeli citizens at a hotel and making a failed attempt to shoot down an airplane boarded by Israelis.[9]: 385 The Washington D.C. area was the subject of several sniper attacks the same month, killing ten people. Europe underwent a large number of mass shootings throughout the year, including an attack on a town council meeting in France on March 27 that killed eight councilors and a school shooting in Germany on April 26—one of the deadliest in the world with 18 fatalities.[8]: 229
The only direct conflict between nations in 2002 was the India–Pakistan standoff in Kashmir,[5] beginning in late 2001. This conflict was primarily one of brinkmanship, with the threat of nuclear warfare.[6]: 88 Riots in Gujarat and suicide bombings in Jammu further escalated tensions.[10]: 87
The Second Intifada continued in 2002 between the Israel Defense Forces and Palestinian paramilitary groups with an escalation in violence. Palestinian suicide bombings became coordinated to maximize the number of civilian casualties, while the Israeli military killed approximately twice as many Palestinians in retaliation.[10]: 73 In response to the suicide bombings, Israel carried out Operation Defensive Shield in March.[7]: 413 Under this operation, Israel occupied much of West Bank,[7]: 413 and it and briefly held Palestinian president Yasser Arafat under house arrest.[6]: 95 The Battle of Jenin was particularly destructive, with the United Nations finding both parties to be irresponsible regarding collateral damage.[6]: 96
Economic downturn in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks limited the art industry in 2002. Organizations were less willing to give patronage, and tourists were less willing to visit art exhibitions and museums, particularly in New York and the Middle East.[9]: 502 The Documenta11 exhibition took place in Kassel, Germany, contributing to the early movement of art globalization with its focus on experimental and documentary works from developing nations. Traditional visual art was mostly replaced by film and photography at the exhibition.[9]: 503 [11] Critically acclaimed paintings in 2002 include The Upper Room, a collection of paintings by Chris Ofili based on a drawing of a monkey by Andy Warhol,[12] and Dispersion, an abstract work by Julie Mehretu.[13]
Music sales in 2002 amounted to about 3 billion units, a decline of 8% from 2001. CD albums remained the dominant form of music, making up 89% of the market. DVD music sales increased by 40%, while cassette tape music sales decreased by 36%.[20]Pop music saw a major decline in 2002 as it was overtaken by country music and hip hop music.[21] Globally, the best-selling albums in 2002 were The Eminem Show by Eminem, Let Go by Avril Lavigne, and the Elvis Presley greatest hits album ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits. The best-selling non-English album was Mensch (transl. Human) by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer, the 29th best-selling album overall.[22]
Costa Rica was celebrated for an advance in free speech when it abolished criminal penalties for insulting public officials.[8]: 275 Radio in India became more popular in 2002 following deregulation, with five major stations in Mumbai breaking the state monopoly in April and with significant increases in the sales of car and pocket radios. Good Morning Afghanistan began airing to provide the Afghan people real-time updates on the nation's political situation, while Radio Liberty was expelled from Russia in October.[8]: 272 An expected recovery of the newspaper industry did not materialize in 2002 as digital media became more common, resulting in significant cutbacks.[8]: 273 The magazine industry faced similar challenges, as well as a separate controversy when the February 11 issue of Newsweek International was banned throughout the Muslim world for its depiction of Muhammed.[8]: 275
The British Library digitized a 700-year-old edition of the Quran, and the Library of Congress made high resolution scans of a Gutenberg Bible for closer study of Gutenberg's printing methods. Library services were interrupted several times in 2002. Librarians' strikes affected the United Kingdom and the United States, while funding problems led to cutbacks in Germany, South Africa, and the United States.[8]: 233
The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, with Norway winning the most gold medals. Allegations that a judge was bribed to favor Russia in a figure skating event led to France and Russia both receiving gold medals in the event.[9]: 515 [27] The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester.[9]: 516 The 2002 FIFA World Cup was held in Japan and South Korea, and it ended with a 2–0 victory by Brazil over Germany. The traditionally well-performing teams of Argentina, France, and Italy did not meet expectations, while Senegal, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States performed better than they had historically.[9]: 513
The Euro became the official currency of the European Union on January 1, 2002.
International trade increased by 1.9% in 2002, correcting from a decrease in 2001.[29]: 11 Most countries experienced only limited growth of output and employment in the year, and economic policy within the largest economies focused primarily on combating inflation.[29]: 1 The gross world product increased by 1.7%, the second lowest growth in a decade after that of 2001.[29]: 2 Most developed nations began 2002 in a budget surplus and ended in a deficit.[29]: 8 The Euro, a single official currency for the nations of the European Union, was introduced on January 1.[9]: 6
The early 2000s recession began to stabilize in the final months of the year.[29]: 1 Growth was focused in the first half of the year before tapering in the second half[29]: 35 as stock markets entered into a downturn.[30] By October, global equities saw a 24% decrease in 2002.[8]: 185 Particularly affected was AOL-Time Warner, with its stocks losing 65% of their value by the fall.[10]: 100 The information technology industry in particular saw major decline in 2002[8]: 170 before it began its recovery from the dot-com crash that had previously affected it.[9]: 458 The telecommunications industry was affected even more severely.[8]: 176
The price drops associated with the September 11 attacks persisted for several months into 2002.[29]: 7 Apprehensions about potential military conflict in Iraq also limited growth.[8]: 185 Latin American economies with large deficits were severely affected by lower prices, limiting export growth and preventing capital from entering the region, requiring further increases to the deficit.[29]: 3 The region overall saw a negative GDP in 2002.[29]: 4 Imports grew significantly in East Asia, with China competing with the United States as one of the largest export markets for other countries in the region.[29]: 12 Imports in Latin America and Africa decreased compared to the previous year.[29]: 13
The United States recovered in part from the recession that had affected the Western world, while Europe's recovery was more limited.[9]: 10 South America saw significant economic challenges: Argentina's economic crisis continued from 2001, Brazil had low confidence in its economy, and Venezuela's economy suffered amid political upheaval.[9]: 13 Unlike the Western world, Eastern Europe and Asia showed strong growth in 2002.[9]: 11 Africa did not share this growth, as it also experienced a weak economy during the year.[9]: 14
Several companies, predominantly in the United States, underwent major scandals in 2002. These included the WorldCom scandal that led to what was then the largest bankruptcy in American history, and accounting scandals emerging from the previous year's Enron scandal.[30]: 92–93 Xerox and the French company Vivendi were found to be reporting artificially inflated profits.[8]: 186 Others incidents included the ImClone stock trading case and fraud cases at Adelphia and Tyco. These scandals brought the arrests of several high-profile executives,[10] negatively affected public trust in corporate accounting,[8]: 185 and increased the volatility of global stock markets.[8]: 186
2002 was the second hottest year on record, exceeded only by 1998.[31] There was below average precipitation in 2002, with droughts in Australia, northern China, India, and western United States.[31] Heavy rains in late 2002 caused significant flooding in eastern Asia[31] and in central Europe.[10]: 77 The effects of the Asian brown cloud were documented in August by the United Nations Environment Programme, warning of severe agricultural and meteorological effects in Afghanistan, northwestern India, and Pakistan.[8]: 184 February saw the collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf, a 12,000-year-old ice shelf in Antarctica with an area of 3,265 km2 (1,260 sq mi).[8]: 387
The third Global Environment Outlook report was published in May.[9]: 465 The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg beginning on August 26. A number of proposals were endorsed in the summit, though environmentalists criticized the United States for not supporting stronger measures.[8]: 209 The European Union ratified the Kyoto Protocol, while China and Russia announced their intent to do so. Australia and the United States rejected the protocol.[8]: 211 The war in Afghanistan caused widespread environmental issues, with forests destroyed, wildlife poached by refugees,[8]: 213 and the Kabul Zoo requiring international support.[8]: 215 The Kitulo National Park was established in Tanzania to preserve the endemic orchid species.[8]: 239
Efforts to promote carbon sequestration were mixed in 2002. An experiment to study whether there were risks of pollution was shuttered following pressure from environmentalist groups such as Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature, but Statoil reported success in a six-year-long experiment in the North Sea later in the year.[8]: 212
The January eruption of Mount Nyiragongo brought destruction to Goma, prompting an evacuation of 400,000 people, with 12,000 finding themselves homeless with damage across 14 villages.[8]: 182 A major oil spill took place off the coast of Galicia, Spain, when the MV Prestige ruptured and sank in November.[10]: 87 The deadliest earthquake in 2002 was a 6.1-magnitude earthquake that struck northern Afghanistan on March 25, killing approximately 1,000 people.[32]A 6.5 magnitude earthquake in Iran killed approximately 200 people the following June.[8]: 182 North America saw one of its most intense earthquakes when a 7.9 magnitude earthquake struck Alaska on November 3, but the remote location prevented any fatalities.[8]: 181
The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season saw 12 named storms, a near-average number. Most of them were relatively minor, with only 4 four becoming hurricanes, of which two attained major hurricane status. The season's activity was limited to between July and October, a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The two major hurricanes, Hurricane Isidore and Hurricane Lili, both made landfall in Cuba and the United States, and combined were responsible for most of the season's damages and deaths.[33] The 2002 Pacific typhoon season entailed a typical number of typhoons, but they were above average in intensity with 46% of typhoons reaching "intense strength". Typhoon Rusa was the deadliest typhoon in 2002, killing at least 113 people in South Korea.[34]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized "reducing risks" and "promoting healthy life" as its health concern of focus in the 2002 World Health Report.[35] Global food supplies reduced in 2002 amid droughts and drops in harvest yields.[8]: 146 Famines occurred in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[9]: 6 Eritrea, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland were also heavily affected by insufficient food.[8]: 146 The fishing industry was not affected, increasing slightly from previous years.[8]: 149 Nigeria and the Philippines took steps toward establishing national healthcare systems.[8]: 311
A 2001 ebola outbreak in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo continued through 2002.[8]: 221 The United States and the Dutch company Crucell collaborated to begin development on an ebola vaccine in response.[8]: 222 The year's increased focus on terrorism, particularly after the 2001 anthrax attacks, prompted many countries to invest in vaccines, antibiotics, and antivirals as a precaution against bioterrorism.[8]: 221 Renewed attention was brought to the case of family doctor Harold Shipman when it was announced in July that he had killed 200 other people under his care beyond the 15 for which he was prosecuted.[8]: 232
Hamid Karzai (right) is elected president of Afghanistan
East Timor became a sovereign nation in 2002.[9]: 1 It was one of two nations, along with Switzerland, to join the United Nations in September.[8]: 382 Brazil, Lesotho, and Senegal established democracy in 2002 through the acceptance of fair elections, while Bahrain and Kenya moved toward democracy through the strengthening of political institutions. Democracy was disestablished in Ivory Coast and Togo following mass political violence and unfair elections, respectively.[36]: 14
The United States was not reelected to its membership on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights for the first time, leaving it unable to fulfill its usual role of seeking action against alleged cases of systemic human rights violations around the world.[8]: 381 Afghanistan underwent significant liberalization under a transitional government following end of major fighting in the War in Afghanistan, particularly in the capital of Kabul, though distant regions of the country remained oppressed by warlords.[36]: 15 Civil rights also increased following the end of conflicts in Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia.[36]: 15–16 Turkey lessened its restrictions on the country's Kurdish population in 2002.[36]: 16 The majority of Gibraltar's population engaged in protests when the British government considered delivering partial control of the territory to Spain; this culminated with a referendum that rejected the move.[8]: 385
A wave of social pension reform took place in European nations, with Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, and Switzerland all in various phases of implementation. Similar reforms took place in Japan and Singapore.[8]: 309–311 Anti-globalization protests took place during the September World Bank–IMF meeting in Washington, D.C.[8]: 314
The prosecution of former Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milošević began in February,[8]: 225 but it was delayed and the genocide portion of the charges against him was dropped.[10]: 86 Biljana Plavšić, the former president of Republika Srpska, plead guilty to crimes against humanity in a related case.[8]: 225 In August, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda saw the arrests of nine more people accused of genocide, including army chief of staff Augustin Bizimungu. Efforts failed to create a similar tribunal in Cambodia to prosecute Khmer Rouge.[8]: 226 United Nations peacekeeping missions concluded in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Prevlaka, reducing its Balkan presence to Kosovo.[8]: 381
Former military dictator of Argentina Leopoldo Galtieri was arrested in July for his actions in the Dirty War. Two generals from the Salvadoran Civil War were found liable for torture in an American court, and they were ordered to pay $54.6 million in damages.[8]: 282 A major espionage case in the United States ended in May with Robert Hanssen sentenced to life in prison for spying on behalf of the Soviet Union.[8]: 232 Serbia and Montenegro abolished capital punishment to qualify for entry to the Council of Europe, and Turkey did so to garner support for its incorporation into the European Union. Prisoners in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Turkey engaged in deadly strikes and riots in response to poor conditions in 2002.[8]: 232
Terrorism dominated politics internationally in 2002, with both terrorist acts and attempts to declare groups as terrorist organizations being prevalent throughout the year. Islamic terrorism was widely seen as responsible for terrorist attacks throughout the year. In response, the United States began providing military assistance against terrorists in several countries as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.[9]: 2 International law regarding these actions had yet to be settled, and international organizations spent the year debating how action against terrorist groups should be carried out.[9]: 469
Pakistan arrested al-Qaeda operative Ramzi bin al-Shibh in September on suspicions of involvement in the September 11 attacks and extradited him to the United States. The United States arrested an addition fifteen suspects across several states for involvement in the preparation of future terrorist attacks.[8]: 228 Anti-terrorism actions by the United States, including the arbitrary arrest and deportation of non-citizens and indefinite detention of suspected terrorists captured in Afghanistan, were condemned as human rights violations.[8]: 314 American treatment of prisoners in the war on terror came under scrutiny, particularly in Camp X-Ray in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[8]: 232 China and Russia invoked anti-terrorism to take actions against their Uyghur and Chechen minorities, respectively.[8]: 315
Australia, Russia, and the United States all declared a right to preemptive strikes against foreign terrorist groups in 2002.[8]: 278 George W. Bush defined an "axis of evil" in an address in January, naming Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as foreign adversaries of the United States. Increasing tensions between Iraq and the United States became a major geopolitical issue in 2002 amid suspicions that Iraq had resumed its production of weapons of mass destruction. The United Nations delivered an ultimatum for Iraq to comply with weapons inspections in late 2002.[37] Because of this dispute, as well Hussein's involvement with terrorist groups amid the war on terror, an invasion of Iraq by the United States was widely expected.[10]: 66–71
Religion
Religious violence was prevalent in 2002. Hindu–Muslim relations were strained in India, most prominently by Muslim attack on a Hindu train car in February that led to weeks of deadly riots in Gujarat. Unrest from the Second Intifada led to widespread attacks on Jews throughout the world, and Christians in Pakistan faced several attacks throughout the year.[8]: 301
The Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal continued from 2001; the church adopted rules on how to address sexual abuse allegations on January 8, and Pope John Paul II made his second papal statement on the matter on March 22.[9]: 448 The Catholic Church created four new Russian dioceses in February, resulting in protests by members of the Russian Orthodox Church.[8]: 302 Belarus made the Belarusian Orthodox Church into the state's legally recognized religion, curtailing practice of other religions.[9]: 449 The Church of England determined in July that divorcees could marry in the church. Then in December, the church saw its first leader in centuries from outside its own membership when the Welsh Rowan Williams was confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury.[9]: 447
Islam grappled with the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2002, facing both the expansion of Islamic terrorism and of United States military action in combating it.[9]: 450 Orthodox Judaism was the subject of several disputes with the Israeli government throughout the year, including the exemption of Orthodox Jews from military service and recognition of non-Orthodox conversions in the population registry.[8]: 303
The relationship between religion and education shifted in several nations in 2002. The removal of the Taliban from power allowed girls to attend school in Afghanistan for the first time, and textbooks funded by the United States included images of women. Pakistan introduced a law to regulate Islamic madrasa schools under pressure from Western nations, but it saw backlash from the schools. State-funded faith schools became a polarizing issue when the government suggested increasing their number. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that school vouchers allowed students to seek religious education.[8]: 204–205
The discovery of a large trans-Neptunian object, Quaoar, prompted reconsideration of how to define a planet, including doubts about whether Pluto should be considered a planet.[8]: 264 Study with the Cosmic Background Imager revealed a more detailed image of cosmic background radiation, and telescopes were able to counteract the scattering effect of Earth's atmosphere through adaptive optics.[38] The largest known volcanic eruption in the solar system was discovered on the moon Io in November 2002, using imaging that had been taken in February 2001.[8]: 183 The youngest known pulsar was discovered in 2002, originating from a supernova documented in 1181.[8]: 266
The September 11 attacks of the previous year caused a shift in focus among cultural anthropologists in 2002 toward the study of violence in society.[8]: 151
Biology
The discovery of the Toumaï fossil led to the discovery of Sahelanthropus
New species of animals described in 2002 include the rupicolous gerbil, the lesser Congo shrew, and the bald parrot.[8]: 215 The rediscovery of Bavarian pine voles was announced in Austria after being thought extinct in the 1960s.[9]: 467 Several paleological discoveries in China strong evidence supporting a relation between theropods and birds.[8]: 241 The hominid ancestor Sahelanthropus was identified in 2002 from fossils found in Chad.[8]: 150 A new genus of conifer in Vietnam, Xanthocyparis, was described.[8]: 239
Genome sequences were completed for indica rice and for the malaria carriers anopheles gambiae and plasmodium falciparum.[9]: 456–457 [38] Scientists at the San Diego Zoo successfully created cloned egg cells for the endangered banteng by applying its DNA to egg cells from cows.[8]: 216 Scientists in the United States announced in July that they had reconstructed a poliovirus specimen using its genetic sequence.[8]: 221
Two experiments in 2002 were successful in producing plants from old seeds: a lotus plant was grown from a 500-year-old seed, and two other plants were grown after their seeds were bottled and laid dormant since 1879.[8]: 239 A new herbicide was discovered by extracting the catechin toxin of the spotted knapweed.[8]: 238 Controversy about genetically modified crops increased when it was discovered that pest-resistant genes can be transferred to weeds and that crops resistant to some pests can become more vulnerable to others.[8]: 238
Other biology developments from 2002 include an understanding of TRP channels in taste, the role of light in a circadian rhythm, and the development of 3D imagery of cells.[38] Major advances in the development and application of stem cells triggered an ethics debate that defined the field, in part because stem cells were commonly developed from the human fetus.[8]: 239–240 Study of hormones led to the identification of two related to appetite: ghrelin to encourage eating and peptide YY to discourage it.[8]: 223
The open-source-software movement saw growth throughout the year, in part because of Microsoft's success in avoiding tighter regulations in court.[9]: 458 China blocked Google Search and AltaVista in August,[8]: 233 provoking a hacktivist movement in the United States that worked to circumvent such restrictions in authoritarian nations.[8]: 175 Some parts of Google were restored on September 12.[8]: 233 New developments in peer-to-peer sharing allowed decentralized file sharing between computers, causing a proliferation of online piracy. Blogging also became a common practice in 2002.[9]: 460 Klez was a computer worm that spread extensively in 2002 before public awareness limited its effectiveness.[8]: 175 Hybrid vehicles first saw widespread popularity in 2002.[10]: 94–95
January 1 – The Euro is introduced as the official physical currency in the Eurozone countries.[41] The first physical transactions are carried out on Réunion. The former currencies of all the countries that use the Euro cease to be legal tender on February 28.[42]
Nanterre massacre: A man kills eight members of the Nanterre town council in France at the end of a council meeting.[8]: 229
March 29 – In response to increasingly common attacks by Palestinian militants, Israeli initiates Operation Defensive Shield, a large-scale counter-terrorism operation in the West Bank.[72]
June 30 – 2002 FIFA World Cup: Brazil beats Germany 2–0 in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final with Ronaldo scoring the two goals; Brazil's captain Cafu, who becomes the first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals, accepts the trophy on behalf of the team.[114]
August 19 – 2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash: Chechen separatists shoot down a Russian Mil Mi-26, killing 127 soldiers. It was the worst aviation disaster in the history of the Russian military.[130]
September 27 – East Timor is admitted to the United Nations as the 191st member state;[138] it also changes its official longform name from "Democratic Republic of East Timor" to "Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste".
^ abcWorld Population Prospects 2022 (Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2022. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Arrigada, Pablo (October 17, 2022). "Poverty". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^"2002 Statistics summary". The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. June 20, 2003. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^Boyar, Jay (December 28, 2002). "2002 Year in Review". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^Ebert, Roger (December 31, 2002). "The Best 10 Movies of 2002". rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^ abcPhipps, Keith; Rabin, Nathan; Tobias, Scott (January 15, 2003). "The Year In Film: 2002". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^Carroll, Matt; Pfeiffer, Sacha; Rezendes, Michael; Robinson, Walter V. (January 6, 2002). "Church allowed abuse by priest for years". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
^"Turkey: Afyon earthquake - Final report". Reliefweb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. October 6, 2003. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
^Guardia, Anton La (April 4, 2002). "Bloody siege of Bethlehem". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^"Veneconomía"(PDF) (in Spanish). March 15, 2006. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
^Rey, J. C. (2002), "Consideraciones políticas sobre un insólito golpe de Estado"Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 1–16; cited in Cannon (2004:296); "In 2002, Venezuela's military and some of its business leaders ousted President Chavez from power and held him hostage." (N. Scott Cole (2007), "Hugo Chávez and President Bush's credibility gap: The struggle against US democracy promotion", International Political Science Review, 28(4), p498)
^ abYusuf, Moeed (2018). Brokering Peace in Nuclear Environments: U.S. Crisis Management in South Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN978-1-5036-0655-5.
^International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (September 9, 2002). DPR Korea: Typhoon Rusa Information Bulletin No. 2/2002 (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
^Guy Carpenter (January 30, 2003). Tropical Cyclone Review 2002(PDF) (Report). Marsh & McLennan Companies. p. 21. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 6, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
^Sher, Hanan (2003). "Israel". The American Jewish Year Book. 103: 183–280. ISSN0065-8987. JSTOR23605545. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
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