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1992 Philippine presidential election
Turnout	75.5% (3.3pp)
	Election results per province/city.
President before election; Corazon Aquino; Independent	Elected President ; Fidel V. Ramos; Lakas
	1992 Philippine vice presidential election
	Election results per province/city
Vice President before election; Salvador Laurel; Nacionalista	Elected Vice President ; Joseph Estrada; NPC

The 1992 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 11, 1992.^[1] This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.

The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive.^[2] Although some of President Corazon Aquino's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term,^[3] as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.^[4]

In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party.^[5] Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election).^[6]

Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence.^[7] Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular.^[8] However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.^[7]

The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties.^[9] Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as vice-president.^[10]

Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms.^[11] Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) received a large share in the Senate race.^[12] Television personality and Quezon City vice mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) received the highest number of votes.^[13]

Candidates

Presidential candidate	Party	Vice presidential candidate	Party
Former Governor of Tarlac Danding Cojuangco	Nationalist People's Coalition	Senator Joseph Estrada	Nationalist People's Coalition
Former Secretary of Agrarian Reform Miriam Defensor Santiago	People's Reform Party	Former Representative from Zambales Ramon Magsaysay Jr.	People's Reform Party
Vice President Salvador Laurel	Nacionalista Party	Former Mambabatas Pambansa from Manila Eva Estrada Kalaw	Nacionalista Party
Former First Lady Imelda Marcos	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	Former Governor of Zambales Vicente Magsaysay	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Speaker of the House of Representatives Ramon Mitra Jr.	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	Former Chief Justice Marcelo Fernan	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
Former Secretary of National Defense Fidel V. Ramos	Lakas-NUCD-UMDP	Governor of Cebu Lito Osmeña	Lakas-NUCD-UMDP
Former Senate President Jovito Salonga	Liberal Party	Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr.	Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan

Debates

A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program Magandang Gabi... Bayan on March 7, 1992.^[14] It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the Manila Standard noting the "barbs, insults, and witticisms" exchanged during the program.^[14]^[15]

On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays,^[16] with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Dong Puno and broadcast live on GMA Network.^[17] Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment.^[18]

The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN.^[19] The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete led by President Aquino.^[20]

The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay,^[21] moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV.^[22]

Results

For President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Fidel V. Ramos	Lakas–NUCD	5,342,521	23.58
	Miriam Defensor Santiago	People's Reform Party	4,468,173	19.72
	Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.	Nationalist People's Coalition	4,116,376	18.17
	Ramon Mitra Jr.	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	3,316,661	14.64
	Imelda Marcos	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	2,338,294	10.32
	Jovito Salonga	Liberal Party	2,302,124	10.16
	Salvador Laurel	Nacionalista Party	770,046	3.40
Total			22,654,195	100.00

Valid votes			22,654,195	93.40
Invalid/blank votes			1,600,759	6.60
Total votes			24,254,954	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			32,141,079	75.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos^[23]

Popular vote

Ramos			23.58%
Defensor Santiago			19.72%
Cojuangco			18.17%
Mitra			14.64%
Marcos			10.32%
Salonga			10.16%
Laurel			3.40%

Breakdown

Region	Ramos		Santiago		Cojuangco		Mitra		Marcos		Salonga		Laurel

	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
Ilocos Region	526,653	36.84	74,084	5.18	376,465	26.33	67,009	4.69	355,550	24.87	22,960	1.61	7,006	0.49
Cordillera Administrative Region	76,643	18.10	66,348	15.67	89,441	21.12	76,224	18.00	65,969	15.58	45,133	10.66	3,702	0.87
Cagayan Valley	110,237	13.20	46,378	5.55	282,798	33.87	91,970	11.01	241,125	28.88	56,447	6.76	6,083	0.73
Central Luzon	692,515	27.57	519,769	20.69	754,737	30.05	216,944	8.64	135,022	5.38	178,896	7.12	13,951	0.56
National Capital Region	679,171	20.54	990,288	29.94	572,301	17.30	193,398	5.85	379,846	11.48	438,048	13.24	54,273	1.64
Southern Tagalog	442,563	13.93	579,563	18.24	517,724	16.30	538,869	16.96	173,389	5.46	344,803	10.85	483,262	15.21
Bicol Region	285,370	21.49	177,202	13.35	227,718	17.15	287,970	21.69	21,336	1.61	273,478	20.60	52,275	3.52
Western Visayas	326,701	16.04	1,240,002	60.88	253,649	12.45	134,834	6.62	20,130	0.99	50,954	2.50	10,581	0.52
Central Visayas	618,520	35.25	168,240	9.59	244,732	13.95	545,245	31.07	54,063	3.08	88,068	5.02	35,841	2.04
Eastern Visayas	254,258	22.91	49,021	4.42	87,285	7.86	192,090	17.31	346,121	31.18	173,478	15.63	7,735	0.70
Western Mindanao	225,268	30.18	114,861	15.39	145,368	19.48	150,098	20.11	31,125	4.17	65,781	8.81	13,799	1.85
Northern Mindanao	351,575	27.71	86,290	6.80	169,334	13.35	233,657	18.42	180,130	14.20	228,109	17.98	19,680	1.55
Southern Mindanao	363,059	23.51	192,283	12.45	223,966	14.50	272,978	17.68	231,106	14.97	233,169	15.10	27,512	1.78
Central Mindanao	119,335	20.99	124,506	21.90	74,134	13.04	91,188	16.04	84,547	14.87	82,291	11.65	10,205	1.79
ARMM	152,118	25.31	38,197	6.36	109,470	18.22	224,015	37.28	17,754	2.95	38,009	6.32	21,372	3.56
Absentee voters	1,819	23.19	1,141	14.55	3,201	40.81	172	2.19	1,051	13.40	155	1.98	304	3.88
Total	5,342,521	23.58	4,468,173	19.72	4,116,376	18.17	3,316,661	14.64	2,338,294	10.32	2,302,124	10.16	770,046	3.40

For Vice President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Joseph Estrada	Nationalist People's Coalition	6,739,738	33.01
	Marcelo Fernan	Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino	4,438,494	21.74
	Lito Osmeña	Lakas–NUCD	3,362,467	16.47
	Ramon Magsaysay Jr.	People's Reform Party	2,900,556	14.20
	Aquilino Pimentel Jr.^[a]	PDP–Laban	2,023,289	9.91
	Vicente Magsaysay	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	699,895	3.43
	Eva Estrada Kalaw	Nacionalista Party	255,730	1.25
Total			20,420,169	100.00

Valid votes			20,420,169	84.19
Invalid/blank votes			3,834,785	15.81
Total votes			24,254,954	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			32,141,079	75.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos^[24]

^ Running mate of Jovito Salonga (Liberal Party)

Popular vote

Estrada			33.00%
Fernan			21.74%
Osmeña			16.47%
Magsaysay			14.20%
Pimentel			9.91%
Others			4.68%

References

^ "Phl presidential elections and the stock market". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippine – Article VII". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ Jurado, Emil P. (25 July 1988). "Realignment of forces". Manila Standard. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Google News Archive.
^ Shenon, Philip. "Aquino Endorses Ex-Army Chief in Vote". Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election". Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ Singh, Daljit; Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2006). Southeast Asian Affairs 2006. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 227. ISBN 9789812303738. closest margin win 2004 election philippines.
^ ^a ^b Servando, Kristine F. "Miriam: I was cheated, but didn't call for people power". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ Wolfgang, Sachsenroeder (2018-05-30). Power Broking In The Shade: Party Finances And Money Politics In Southeast Asia. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813230750.
^ "Single ticket: How about voting for president and VP together?". Rappler. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "Erap presidency redux". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "Term of Office of Senators". senate.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (February 1, 2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. ISBN 9781349149513.
^ "Senators Profile - Vicente C. Sotto III". www.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Maragay, Fel V. (March 9, 1992). "Laurel, Mitra trade barbs in TV debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 5. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "Give and take". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 9, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 15, 1992. p. 11. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ Maragay, Fel V. (March 16, 1992). "Enlightening, but ho hum". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 3. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ Jurado, Emil P. V. (March 16, 1992). "The temporary insanity of senatorial candidates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 10. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ Maragay, Fel V. (March 23, 1992). "Laurel loses points in the debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "An interrupted debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 23, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "Mismatch". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 30, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 29, 1992. p. 7. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.
^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific.

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1992 Philippine presidential election