PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Fourth cholera pandemic
Fourth cholera pandemic
	Oyster seller in Washington D.C. claims "CHOLERA PANIC OVER" in October 1866
Disease	Cholera
First outbreak	Ganges Delta of the Bengal region
Dates	1863–1875

The fourth cholera pandemic of the 19th century began in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region and traveled with Muslim pilgrims to Mecca. In its first year, the epidemic claimed 30,000 of 90,000 pilgrims.^[1] Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to the Russian Empire, Europe, Africa, and North America, in each case spreading via travelers from port cities and along inland waterways.^[2]

The pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa, killing 70,000 in Zanzibar in 1869–70.^[3] Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.^[4] The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War (1866) is estimated to have taken 165,000 lives in the Austrian Empire, including 30,000 each in Hungary and Belgium, and 20,000 in the Netherlands.^[5]

In June 1866, a localized epidemic in the East End of London claimed 5,596 lives, just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems; the East End section was not quite complete.^[6] It was also caused by the city's overcrowding in the East End, which helped the disease to spread more quickly in the area. Epidemiologist William Farr identified the East London Water Company as the source of the contamination. Farr made use of prior work by John Snow and others, pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an 1854 outbreak. In the same year, the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at Ystalyfera in South Wales. Workers associated with the company, and their families, were most affected, and 119 died.^[7] The deaths of more than 1,100 people in New York City in 1866 resulted in the establishment of the New York Metropolitan Board of Health.^[8]

In 1867, Italy lost 113,000 to cholera, and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria.^[3] Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans via passengers along the Mississippi River and to ports on its tributaries.^[9]

References

^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC News. CBC-Radio Canada. May 9, 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Al-Adham, Ibrahim S I; Jaber, Nisrein; Ali Agha, Ahmed S A; Al-Remawi, Mayyas; Al-Akayleh, Faisal; Al-Muhtaseb, Najah; Collier, Phillip J (2024-03-01). "Sporadic regional re-emergent cholera: a 19th century problem in the 21st century". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 135 (3). doi:10.1093/jambio/lxae055. ISSN 1365-2672.
^ ^a ^b Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M (PDF). ABC-CLIO. p. 107. ISBN 978-0313341021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
^ "Eastern European Plagues and Epidemics 1300–1918". Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Smallman-Raynor, Matthew R.; Cliff, Andrew D. (June 2004). "Impact of infectious diseases on war". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 18 (2): 341–368. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.009. PMID 15145384.
^ Johnson, Steven (2006). The Ghost Map : The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic – and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1594489259.
^ Ian Petticrew (1901-11-11). "PUBLIC HEALTH COMES TO TRING". TRING. Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
^ "New York City (NYC) Cholera Outbreak of 1866". www.baruch.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
^ Beardsley GW (2000). "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)". The Early America Review. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2010-02-01.