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1516 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1516; MDXVI
Ab urbe condita	2269
Armenian calendar	965; ԹՎ ՋԿԵ
Assyrian calendar	6266
Balinese saka calendar	1437–1438
Bengali calendar	923
Berber calendar	2466
English Regnal year	7 Hen. 8 – 8 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2060
Burmese calendar	878
Byzantine calendar	7024–7025
Chinese calendar	乙亥年 (Wood Pig); 4213 or 4006; — to —; 丙子年 (Fire Rat); 4214 or 4007
Coptic calendar	1232–1233
Discordian calendar	2682
Ethiopian calendar	1508–1509
Hebrew calendar	5276–5277
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1572–1573
- Shaka Samvat	1437–1438
- Kali Yuga	4616–4617
Holocene calendar	11516
Igbo calendar	516–517
Iranian calendar	894–895
Islamic calendar	921–922
Japanese calendar	Eishō 13; (永正１３年)
Javanese calendar	1433–1434
Julian calendar	1516; MDXVI
Korean calendar	3849
Minguo calendar	396 before ROC; 民前396年
Nanakshahi calendar	48
Thai solar calendar	2058–2059
Tibetan calendar	阴木猪年; (female Wood-Pig); 1642 or 1261 or 489; — to —; 阳火鼠年; (male Fire-Rat); 1643 or 1262 or 490

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century; 16th century ; 17th century;
Decades:	1490s; 1500s; 1510s ; 1520s; 1530s;
Years:	1513; 1514; 1515; 1516 ; 1517; 1518; 1519;

Year 1516 (MDXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, there is also a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 20 – Juan Díaz de Solís arrives in what is now Punta del Este in Uruguay, where he becomes the first European to sail into the Río de la Plata (in future Argentina). Díaz and nine of his men are attacked and killed by the local Charrúa people shortly after their arrival.^[1]^[2] although there was likely an expedition earlier in 1511-1512 by João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis.^[3]
January 23 – With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson, Charles of Ghent, becomes King of Spain;^[4] his mother Queen Joanna of Castile also succeeds as Queen of Aragon and co-monarch with Carlos, but remains confined at Tordesillas.
February 18 – After two months in Bologna, part of the Papal States in Italy, Pope Leo X concludes two months of negotiation with King François I of France. Their talks result in the abrogation of the French Pragmatic Sanction, and the conclusion of a new Concordat between the Papacy and France.^[5]
February 21 – Sir Edward Poynings becomes England's ambassador to Spain a second time and meets with King Carlos I to negotiate a treaty.^[6]
February 25 – In his capacity as Lord of Ireland, Henry VIII opens the first of six assemblies of parliament during his reign of the Parliament of Ireland at Dublin. The parliament holds three sessions, ending on October 2, when it is dismissed.
March 1 – Desiderius Erasmus publishes a new Greek edition of the New Testament, Novum Instrumentum omne, in Basel.^[7]
March 13 – At the age of 9, Louis II of Jagiellon becomes the new King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia upon the death of his father, King Vladislaus II.^[8]
March 29 – The Venetian Ghetto is instituted in the Republic of Venice.^[9]

April–June

April 19 – England, represented by Ambassador Poynings and Spain's King Carlos I conclude a treaty of alliance.^[6]
April 23 – The Reinheitsgebot is instituted in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, regulating the purity of beer permissible for sale.^[10]
May 6 – A Category IX earthquake strikes Dubrovnik in what is now Croatia.^[11]
May 8 – In what is now Vietnam, Le Tuong Duc, Emperor of Dai Viet, since 1509, is murdered at his palace at Thang Long (now in Hanoi) by his bodyguards. Le Tuong Duc's 12-year-old nephew, Le Chieu Tong, is installed as the new Emperor by the conspirators.^[12]
June 14 – In Spain, King John III of Navarre dies after a reign of 32 years and is succeeded by his widow, Queen Catherine.^[13]

July–September

July 4 – King James V of Scotland opens the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh.
July 28 – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire captures the city of Malatya (located in what is now southeastern Turkey) as the first conquest in his war against the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then proceeds to invade Syria.^[14]
July 30 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen dies in Siegen, now in Germany, leaving his realm to be divided by his two sons. The transition is smooth because of a 1509 agreement between Henry III of Nassau-Breda and William I of Nassau-Dillenburg. William receives all of John V's possessions in Germany, while Henry inherits those in the Low Countries.^[15]
August 13 – The Treaty of Noyon is signed. King François I of France recognizes Charles I of Spain's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. The treaty also promised Louise of France to Charles.^[16]
August 18 – King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X sign the Concordat of Bologna, agreeing on the relationship between church and state in France.^[17]
August 24 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17): The Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk forces commanded by the sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri in the Battle of Marj Dabiq, bringing all of the Middle East.^[18] The Mamluk Sultan, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, is killed while leading his troops in the battle, and Prime Minister Al-Ashraf Tuman Bay, who was left in charge in Cairo by the Sultan Qansuh, becomes the Sultan of Egypt, the last remaining part of the Mamluk Sultanate.
September 16 – German theologian Andreas Karlstadt completes his series of 151 theses, an attack against corruption in the Roman Catholic Church.^[19]
September 17 – Baased in Kamaran, an island in the Red Sea, the Mamluk Egyptian Admiral Selman Reis leads of fleet 19 ships in an unsuccessful attempt to take Yemen and Aden.^[20]

October–December

October 28 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17): Ottoman forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks in the Battle of Yaunis Khan near Gaza.
November 29 – The "Treaty of Perpetual Peace" is signed in the city of Fribourg in Switzerland, between representatives of the Thirteen Cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy, and King Francis of the Kingdom of France, confirming the French victory in the 1515 Battle of Marignano. The Swiss Confederacy renounces all claims to the French protectorate of Milan in Italy, in for 700,000 gold crowns in compensation.^[21]
December 4 – Treaty of Brussels: Peace is declared between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.^[22]
c. December – Thomas More's most famous work, Utopia, completed this year, is published in Leuven (in Latin).^[23]

Date unknown

Italian explorer Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of the wife of Christopher Columbus, commands an expedition from Portuguese Malacca to land on the shores of mainland southern China, and trade with Chinese merchants at Guangzhou, during the Ming Dynasty.
Portuguese soldier Fernão Lopes becomes the first known permanent inhabitant of Saint Helena.
Leonardo da Vinci accepts Francis I's invitation to France.^[24]
The predecessor of the Royal Mail, known as the Master of the Posts, is established by Henry VIII of England.^[25]
Gillingham School is founded, the oldest in Dorset, England.
Fuggerei is established in Augsburg (Bavaria), as the world's oldest social housing complex still in use.^[26]
The fall of the Nantan meteorite is possibly observed near the city of Nantan, Nandan County, Guangxi (China).^[27]

Births

January 1 – Margaret Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1551)^[28]
January 14 – Herluf Trolle, Danish admiral (d. 1565)^[29]
January 16 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma (d. 1581)
February 2 – Girolamo Zanchi, Italian theologian (d. 1590)^[30]
February 16 – Prospero Spani, Italian sculptor (d. 1584)^[31]
February 18 – Queen Mary I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Queen Catherine of Aragon (d. 1558)^[32]
March 15 – Alqas Mirza, Safavid prince (d. 1550)^[33]
March 26 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (d. 1565)^[34]
April 16 – Tabinshwehti, King of Burma (d. 1550)
April 23 – Georg Fabricius, Protestant German poet (d. 1571)^[35]
June 28 – Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, English courtier and patron of learning (d. 1544)^[36]
July 27 – Emilie of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1591)^[37]
July 28 – William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (d. 1592)^[38]
August 13 – Hieronymus Wolf, German historian (d. 1580)^[39]
September 2 – Francis I, Duke of Nevers (d. 1561)^[40]
September 21 – Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (d. 1571)^[41]
October 23 – Charlotte of Valois, French princess (d. 1524)^[42]
October 27 – Ruy Gómez de Silva, Portuguese noble (d. 1573)
November 5 – Martin Helwig, German cartographer of Silesia (d. 1574)^[43]
December 21 – Giuseppe Leggiadri Gallani, Italian poet and dramatist (d. 1590)^[44]
date unknown
- John Foxe, biographer (d. 1587)^[45]
- Manco Inca Yupanqui, ruler of the Inca (d. 1544)^[46]
- Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (d. 1535)^[47]
- Margaretha Coppier, Dutch heroine (d. 1597)^[48]

Deaths

January 20 – Juan Díaz de Solís, Spanish navigator and explorer (b. 1470)^[49]
January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (b. 1452)^[50]
February 4 – Anthony of Supraśl, Polish Orthodox priest and saint^[51]
March 13 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (b. 1456)^[52]
March 17 – Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, ruler of Florence (b. 1449)^[53]
April 25 – John Yonge, English diplomat (b. 1467)^[54]
June 14 – King John III of Navarre (b. 1469)^[55]
July 10 – Alice FitzHugh, English heir (b. 1448)
July 30 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count (b. 1455)^[56]
August 9 (bur.) – Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter (b. 1450)^[57]
August 21 – John III of Egmont, Dutch count (b. 1438)
August 24 – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, Mamluk sultan (b. c. 1441)^[58]
October 30 – Louis Malet de Graville, Admiral of France, politician, military leader and art patron (b. c. 1440).^[59]
November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Venetian painter (b. 1430)^[60]
December 13 – Johannes Trithemius, German scholar and cryptographer (b. 1462)^[61]
date unknown – Giuliano da Sangallo, Florentine sculptor and architect (b. 1443)^[62]

References

^ El País (February 3, 2016). "Recrearon desembarco de Solís en playa Mansa, a los 500 años". Retrieved February 3, 2016.
^ Grimshaw, William (1830). The History of South America, from the Discovery of the New World by Columbus, to the Conquest of Peru by Pizarro. Collins & Hannay. p. 89. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
^ Johnson, H. B. (1987). "Portuguese settlement, 1500–1580". Colonial Brazil. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-0-521-34925-3. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan (August 31, 1983). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. p. 675. ISBN 0-8014-9264-5.
^ Gaetano Moroni (1840). Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ... (in Italian). Tipografia Emiliana. pp. 299–300. Jules Thomas, Le concordat de 1516, ses origines, son histoire au XVIe siècle (Paris: Picard 1910), pp. 307–343.
^ ^a ^b Ellis, Steven G. (2004). "Poynings, Sir Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22683. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Bruce, Archibald Kay (1936). Erasmus and Holbein. F. Muller. p. 16. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Louis II. of Hungary" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 49–50.
^ Davis, Robert C.; Ravid, Benjamin (March 28, 2001). The Jews of Early Modern Venice. JHU Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8018-6512-1. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Drewes, Michael (December 2016). "Hopfen und Malz, Gott erhalt's : eine kleine Ökonomik des Biers zum 500. Geburtstag des Reinheitsgebots". Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium. 45 (12): 652–656. doi:10.15358/0340-1650-2016-12-652. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Herak, Davorka; Herak, Marijan (2012). "Seizmičnost i potresna opasnost na makarskom području" (PDF). In Mustapić, Marko; Hrstić, Ivan (eds.). Makarsko primorje danas. Makarsko primorje od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata do 2011. Biblioteka Zbornici (in Croatian). Vol. 40. Zagreb: Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar. p. 271. ISBN 978-953-6666-87-4.
^ Đại Việt's Office of History (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
^ Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.
^ Mauder, Christian (June 4, 2021). "Historical Context and State of Research". In the Sultan's Salon: Learning, Religion, and Rulership at the Mamluk Court of Qāniṣawh al-Ghawrī (r. 1501–1516). Brill. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-90-04-44421-8. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Kluiver, J.H. (1984). Nederlandse historische bronnen 4 · dbnl (in Dutch). DBNL. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
^ Collection des ordonnances des rois de France: Catalogue des actes de François Ier. Pairs: Imprimerie nationale. 1887. p. 85. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Knecht, R. J. (April 26, 1984). Francis I. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-27887-4. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. Vol. 15. American Research Center in Egypt. 1978. p. 80. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carlstadt" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 348–349.
^ An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 1, by Halil İnalcik p.321ff
^ André Holenstein: Ewiger Frieden / Paix perpétuelle in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2010.
^ Sporschil, Johann (1859). Die Geschichte der Deutschen von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf unsere Tage (in German). G.J. Manz. p. 546. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Morrish, Jennifer (2001). "A Note on the Neo-Latin Sources for the Word 'Utopia'". Humanistica Lovaniensia. 50: 119–130. ISSN 0774-2908. JSTOR 23973826. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ Isaacson, Walter (October 17, 2017). Leonardo da Vinci. Simon and Schuster. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-5011-3917-8. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ "Postmasters General" (PDF). gbps.org.uk. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Kovačić, Nedeljko (2015). "Introduction". The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Sustainable Cultural Communities (PDF) (MA). University of Arts in Belgrade. p. 22. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Dekan, Július (November 2, 2021). "Composition of iron-bearing phases in Nantan meteorite as determined by Mössbauer spectrometry". AIP Conference Proceedings. Applied Physics of Condensed Matter (Apcom 2021). 2411 (1): 050002. Bibcode:2021AIPC.2411e0002D. doi:10.1063/5.0067402. S2CID 242069262. Retrieved July 18, 2023. Nantan meteorite was found in 1958 and its fall might have been observed in 1516.
^ "Margareta". sok.riksarkivet.se. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed, udgivne af det kongelige nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab (in Danish). Copenhagen: L. Levin. 1856. p. 212. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Zanchi, Girolamo; Baschera, Luca; Moser, Christian (May 11, 2007). Girolamo Zanchi, De Religione Christiana Fides – Confession of Christian Religion. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-16118-4. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ "Spani, Prospero". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Alison Plowden (1976). The House of Tudor. Stein and Day. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8128-2079-9.
^ Fleischer, C. (1989). "ALQĀS MĪRZA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9. pp. 907–909.
^ Bay, Jens Christian (1963) [1916 Bibliographical Society of America]. Conrad Gesner (1516–1565), the Father of Bibliography: An Appreciation. Kraus Reprint Corporation.
^ Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste (in German). Vol. 1. Brockhaus. 1844. p. 78. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ "Blount, Charles, fifth Baron Mountjoy (1516–1544), courtier and patron of learning". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2682. Retrieved July 18, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Stichart, Franz Otto (1857). Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen: biographische Skizzen sämmtlicher Ahnfrauen des königlichen Hauses Sachsen (in German). Fleischer. p. 233. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Knapp, Johann F. (1836). Regenten- und Volks-Geschichte der Länder Cleve, Mark, Jülich, Berg und Ravensberg Von Karl dem Großen bis auf ihre Vereinigung mit der Preußischen Monarchie (von 768 - 1815) (in German). Becker. p. 127. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Ex libris: Buchkunst und angewandte Graphik (in German). Gorlitz: Druck von O. Holten. 1894. p. 46. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Boltanski, Ariane (2006). Les ducs de Nevers et l'État royal: genèse d'un compromis (ca 1550 - ca 1600) (in French). Librairie Droz.
^ Paul, James Balfour (1908). The Scots Peerage. D. Douglas. p. 353. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Houdard, Georges (1910). Les Châteaux Royaux de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1124-1789: étude historique d'après des documents inédits, recueillis aux Archives Nationales et à la Bibliothèque Nationale (in French). M. Mirvault. p. 37. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Karrow, Robert W. (1993). Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps. Newberry Library. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-932757-05-0. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Rosa, Angela Asor. "GALLANI, Giuseppe Leggiadro". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ "Foxe, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10050. Retrieved July 18, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Seaman, Rebecca M. (August 27, 2013). Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan, and Mayan Conquests. ABC-CLIO. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-59884-777-2. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Muslimov, Ilʹi︠a︡z Bulatovich (1996). На стыке континентов и цивилизаций--: из опыта образования и распада империи X-XVI вв (in Russian). ИНСАН. p. 587. ISBN 978-5-85840-280-0. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ der Aa, Abraham Hans van (1858). Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden (in Dutch). Vol. 3. Haarlem: J.J. van Brederode. p. 218. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Lewis, Daniel K. (October 15, 2003). The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4039-6254-6. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ "Ferdinand II | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
^ Mironowicz, Antoni (2015). "Św. Antoni Supraski". Elpis: Czasopismo Teologiczne Katedry Teologii Prawosławnej Uniwersytetu W Białymstoku (in Polish). 17: 11–24. doi:10.15290/elpis.2015.17.02. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ von Güttner Sporzynski, Darius (January 1, 2022). "Contextualising the marriage of Bona Sforza to Sigismund I of Poland: Maximilian I's diplomacy in Italy and Central Europe". Folia Historica Cracoviensia. 27 (2): 63–90. doi:10.15633/fhc.4200. S2CID 255899688.
^ Jungić, Josephine (April 13, 2018). Giuliano de' Medici: Machiavelli's Prince in Life and Art. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7735-5369-9. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Lee, Sidney (1900). Dictionary of National Biography: Wordsworth - Zuylestein. Vol. LXIII. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. p. 328. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Lacarra, José María (1975). Historia del reino de Navarra en la Edad Media (in Spanish). Caja de Ahorros de Navarra. p. 552. ISBN 978-84-500-7465-9. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1982). Allgemeine Enzyklopädie Der Wissenschaften und Künste (in German). Vol. 21. Akademische Druck-u. Verlagstalt. p. 138. ISBN 978-3-201-00093-2. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Walter Bosing (2000). Hieronymus Bosch, C. 1450-1516: Between Heaven and Hell. Taschen. p. 14. ISBN 978-3-8228-5856-1.
^ Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1978). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Deldicque, Mathieu; Leprêtre, Elisabeth (2017). Être mécène à l'aube de la Renaissance : l'amiral Louis Malet de Graville (in French). Ghent: Snoeck. p. 23. ISBN 9789461613950.
^ Bätschmann, Oskar (2008). Giovanni Bellini. Reaktion Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-86189-357-4. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Arnold, Klaus (1991). Johannes Trithemius (1462-1516) (in German). Kommissionsverlag F. Schöningh. p. 223. ISBN 978-3-87717-045-8. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Brothers, Cammy (January 25, 2022). Giuliano da Sangallo and the Ruins of Rome. Princeton University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-691-22652-1. Retrieved July 18, 2023.

[1] El País (February 3, 2016). "Recrearon desembarco de Solís en playa Mansa, a los 500 años". Retrieved February 3, 2016.

[2] Grimshaw, William (1830). The History of South America, from the Discovery of the New World by Columbus, to the Conquest of Peru by Pizarro. Collins & Hannay. p. 89. Retrieved July 16, 2023.

[3] Johnson, H. B. (1987). "Portuguese settlement, 1500–1580". Colonial Brazil. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-0-521-34925-3. Retrieved July 16, 2023.

[4] Joseph F. O'Callaghan (August 31, 1983). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. p. 675. ISBN 0-8014-9264-5.

[5] Gaetano Moroni (1840). Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ... (in Italian). Tipografia Emiliana. pp. 299–300. Jules Thomas, Le concordat de 1516, ses origines, son histoire au XVIe siècle (Paris: Picard 1910), pp. 307–343.

[ODNB-6] Ellis, Steven G. (2004). "Poynings, Sir Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22683. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[7] Bruce, Archibald Kay (1936). Erasmus and Holbein. F. Muller. p. 16. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[8] Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Louis II. of Hungary" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 49–50.

[9] Davis, Robert C.; Ravid, Benjamin (March 28, 2001). The Jews of Early Modern Venice. JHU Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8018-6512-1. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[10] Drewes, Michael (December 2016). "Hopfen und Malz, Gott erhalt's : eine kleine Ökonomik des Biers zum 500. Geburtstag des Reinheitsgebots". Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium. 45 (12): 652–656. doi:10.15358/0340-1650-2016-12-652. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[11] Herak, Davorka; Herak, Marijan (2012). "Seizmičnost i potresna opasnost na makarskom području" (PDF). In Mustapić, Marko; Hrstić, Ivan (eds.). Makarsko primorje danas. Makarsko primorje od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata do 2011. Biblioteka Zbornici (in Croatian). Vol. 40. Zagreb: Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar. p. 271. ISBN 978-953-6666-87-4.

[12] Đại Việt's Office of History (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House

[13] Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.

[14] Mauder, Christian (June 4, 2021). "Historical Context and State of Research". In the Sultan's Salon: Learning, Religion, and Rulership at the Mamluk Court of Qāniṣawh al-Ghawrī (r. 1501–1516). Brill. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-90-04-44421-8. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[15] Kluiver, J.H. (1984). Nederlandse historische bronnen 4 · dbnl (in Dutch). DBNL. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.

[16] Collection des ordonnances des rois de France: Catalogue des actes de François Ier. Pairs: Imprimerie nationale. 1887. p. 85. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[17] Knecht, R. J. (April 26, 1984). Francis I. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-27887-4. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[18] Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. Vol. 15. American Research Center in Egypt. 1978. p. 80. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[19] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carlstadt" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 348–349.

[20] An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 1, by Halil İnalcik p.321ff

[21] André Holenstein: Ewiger Frieden / Paix perpétuelle in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2010.

[22] Sporschil, Johann (1859). Die Geschichte der Deutschen von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf unsere Tage (in German). G.J. Manz. p. 546. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

[23] Morrish, Jennifer (2001). "A Note on the Neo-Latin Sources for the Word 'Utopia'". Humanistica Lovaniensia. 50: 119–130. ISSN 0774-2908. JSTOR 23973826. Retrieved July 17, 2023.

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