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1270 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1270; MCCLXX
Ab urbe condita	2023
Armenian calendar	719; ԹՎ ՉԺԹ
Assyrian calendar	6020
Balinese saka calendar	1191–1192
Bengali calendar	677
Berber calendar	2220
English Regnal year	54 Hen. 3 – 55 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1814
Burmese calendar	632
Byzantine calendar	6778–6779
Chinese calendar	己巳年 (Earth Snake); 3967 or 3760; — to —; 庚午年 (Metal Horse); 3968 or 3761
Coptic calendar	986–987
Discordian calendar	2436
Ethiopian calendar	1262–1263
Hebrew calendar	5030–5031
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1326–1327
- Shaka Samvat	1191–1192
- Kali Yuga	4370–4371
Holocene calendar	11270
Igbo calendar	270–271
Iranian calendar	648–649
Islamic calendar	668–669
Japanese calendar	Bun'ei 7; (文永７年)
Javanese calendar	1180–1181
Julian calendar	1270; MCCLXX
Korean calendar	3603
Minguo calendar	642 before ROC; 民前642年
Nanakshahi calendar	−198
Thai solar calendar	1812–1813
Tibetan calendar	阴土蛇年; (female Earth-Snake); 1396 or 1015 or 243; — to —; 阳金马年; (male Iron-Horse); 1397 or 1016 or 244

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century ; 14th century;
Decades:	1250s; 1260s; 1270s ; 1280s; 1290s;
Years:	1267; 1268; 1269; 1270 ; 1271; 1272; 1273;

Year 1270 (MCCLXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1270th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 270th year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1270s decade.

Events

Africa

The Eighth Crusade

Before August – King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade, in an attempt to recapture the Crusader States from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.^[1]
August 25 – King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.^[2]
October 30 – The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end, through an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and Muhammad I al-Mustansir, Khalif of Tunis.^[3]

Other events

August 10 (10 Nehasé 1262) – Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, claims the imperial throne and establishes the Solomonic Dynasty, which will last until 1974.^[4]

Asia

In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo dynasty, a vassal state of the Yuan dynasty.^[5]
The ancient city of Ascalon is captured from the Crusader States, and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate, and the city never to be rebuilt.^[6]
The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate Empire (approximate date).^[7]
The independent state of Kutch is founded, in present-day India.^[8]
A census of the Chinese city of Hangzhou establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world).^[9]
December 15 – The Nizari Ismaili garrison of Gerdkuh, Persia surrender after 17 years to the Mongols.^[10]

Europe

February 16 – Livonian Crusade - Battle of Karuse: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order decisively, on the frozen surface of the Baltic Sea.^[11]
September 1 – King Stephen V of Hungary writes his walk to the antiquum castellum near Miholjanec, where the Sword of Attila has been recently discovered.^{[citation needed]}
December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic Church, in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.^[12]
The Summa Theologica, a work by Thomas Aquinas that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its theology, is completed (year uncertain).^[13]
Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.^[14]
The Sanskrit fables known as the Panchatantra, dating from as early as 200 BCE, are translated into Latin, from a Hebrew version by John of Capua.^[15]
Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed.^[16]
The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed.^[17]
Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, donates to the Cistercian Hailes Abbey in England (his father's foundation) a phial held to contain the Blood of Christ, acquired in the Holy Roman Empire; this becomes such a magnet for pilgrimage that within 7 years the monks are able to rebuild their abbey on a magnificent scale.^[18]
The Chronicle of Melrose is ended.^[19]

Births

March 12 – Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III of France (d. 1325)^[20]
Theodore Metochites, Byzantine statesman and author^[21]
Michael of Cesena, Franciscan theologian (d. 1342)^[22]
Cino da Pistoia, Italian poet (d. 1336)^[23]
Isabella of Burgundy, Queen of Germany (d. 1323)^[24]
Ma Zhiyuan, Chinese poet^[25]
Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (d. 1350)^[26]
approximate – William Wallace, Scottish patriot^[27]

Deaths

January 18 – Saint Margaret of Hungary (b. 1242)^[28]
February 23 – Saint Isabelle of France, French princess and saint (b. 1225)^[29]
March 17 – Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre^[30]
May 3 – Béla IV of Hungary (b. 1206)^[31]
July 9 – Stephen Báncsa, Hungarian cardinal (b. c. 1205)^[32]
July 18 – Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury^[33]
August 25
- King Louis IX of France (b. 1214)^[34]
- Alphonso of Brienne (b. c. 1225)^[35]
September 24 – Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres^[36]
December 4 – Theobald II of Navarre (Theobald V of Champagne) (b. c. 1238)^[37]
David VII Ulu, King of Georgia (b. 1215)^[38]
Ibn Abi Usaibia, Syrian Arab medical historian (b. 1203)^[39]
Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, Jewish rabbi and scholar (b. 1200)^[40]
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (b. 1212)^[41]
Uli I of Mali, second mansa of the Mali Empire^[42]

References

^ Conte, Joseph J. (2008). The 14th and Final Crusade to the Middle East: Crusades from the 11th Century to the 21st Century. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 14. ISBN 9781452055466.
^ of Beaulieu, Geoffrey; of Chartres, William (2013). Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia; Field, Sean L. (eds.). The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres. Translated by Field, Larry F. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780801469138.
^ Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2015). Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present. London and New York: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781317461098.
^ Halibo, Gidey Seyoum (2016). "Law, Religion and Pluralism in Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Complex Interaction". In Coertzen, Pieter; Green, M. Christian; Hansen, Len (eds.). Religious Freedom and Religious Pluralism in Africa: Prospects and Limitations. Stellenbosch, South Africa: AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 397. ISBN 9781928357032.
^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014). Shin, Michael D. (ed.). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781107098466.
^ Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1978). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Vol. I. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 124. ISBN 9780132751155.
^ Pfeiffer, Judith (2014). Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th - 15th Century Tabriz. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 305. ISBN 9789004262577.
^ "Welcome to Kutch". www.indianngos.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
^ Chase-Dunn, Chris; Inoue, Hiroku; Anderson, E.N. (August 16, 2016). "The Growth of Hangzhou and the Geopolitical Context in East Asia". The Institute for Research on World-Systems Working Papers. 111.
^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Vol. 2: F - O. Westport, CN, London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 513. ISBN 9780313335389.
^ Brown, Stephen F.; Flores, Juan Carlos (2007). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movemenets. Vol. 76. Lanham, MA, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780810864535.
^ Perrier, Joseph Louis (1909). The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. Columbia University Press.
^ Hutton, Charles (1815). A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary: Containing an Explanation of the Terms, and an Account of the Several Subjects, Comprised Under the Heads Mathematics, Astronomy, and Philosophy Both Natural and Experimental Also Memoirs of the Lives and Writing of the Eminent Authors, Both Ancient and Modern who by Their Discoveries or Improvements Have Contributed to the Advancement of Them. London: Rivington. p. 135.
^ Lanman, Charles Rockwell (1920). Harvard Oriental Series: Descriptive List Thereof, Revised to 1920: with a Brief Memorial of Its Joint-founder, Henry Clarke Warren. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 5.
^ Frank, Ben G. (2001) [1992]. A Travel Guide to Jewish Europe: A practical, anecdotal and adventurous journey through historic Jewish Europe, including kosher restaurants, cafes, synagogues and museums, plus cultural and heritage sites (Third ed.). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 489. ISBN 9781455613298.
^ Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places. Vol. I: A–M (Second ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 460. ISBN 9781598846546.
^ Historic England. "Hailes Abbey (328158)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved September 13, 2020.
^ Jamroziak, Emilia (2008). "Border Communities between Violence and Opportunities: Scotland and Pomerania Compared". In Unger, Richard (ed.). Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795. The Northern World. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 134. ISBN 9789004166233.
^ Hiser, Patricia (2001). My Kind of Man: With the History of the Gwinn, O?Connor, Kincaid, Richardson, Hiser West Virginia Families and Other Associated Lines and the Avery Family of Maine. San Jose New York Lincoln Shanghai: iUniverse. p. 141. ISBN 9780595210008.
^ Ousterhout, Robert G. (1987). The Architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Vol. 25. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 34. ISBN 9780884021650.
^ Haft, Adele J.; White, Jane G.; White, Robert J. (1999). The Key to "The Name of the Rose": Including Translations of All Non-English Passages. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780472086214.
^ Brundage, James A. (2008). The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780226077611.
^ Wispelwey, Berend (2011). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. p. 575. ISBN 9783110914160.
^ Taylor, Julia C. (1990). Female Suicide in Chinese Drama: Selected Plays from the Yuan Dynasty to the Cultural Revolution. Madison: University of Wisconsin. p. 40.
^ Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004). Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 43. ISBN 9788176254366.
^ Pearson, Stuart (2015). Great Scottish Heroes - Fifty Scots Who Shaped the World. London: John Blake Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9781784186135.
^ Csepregi, Ildikó (2018). "Preface to the Text Recording Margaret's Miracles". In Csepregi, Ildikó; Klaniczay, Gábor; Péterfi, Bence (eds.). The Oldest Legend: Acts of the Canonization Process, and Miracles of Saint Margaret of Hungary. Central European Medieval Texts. Translated by Csepregi, Ildikó; Flanigan, Clifford; Perraud, Louis. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9789633862186.
^ Mews, Constant J. (2011). "The "Speculum dominarum" ("Miroir des dames") and Transformations of the Literature of Instruction for Women in the Early Fourteenth Century". In Green, Karen; Mews, Constant J. (eds.). Virtue Ethics for Women 1250-1500. The New Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9789400705296.
^ Lower, Michael (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780191061837.
^ Salagean, Tudor (2016). Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450 - 1450. Vol. 37. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 106. ISBN 9789004311343.
^ Kosta, László (2007). "Análise Prosopográfica Dos Cónegos Dos Cabidos Catedralícios Húngaros Na Idade Média (1200-1350): Conclusões". Carreiras Eclesiásticas no Ocidente Cristão (séc. XII-XIV). Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de História - Universidade Católica Portuguesa. p. 18. ISBN 9789728361266.
^ Cross, The Late F. L.; Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Third ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780192802903.
^ Gaposchkin, Marianne Cecilia (2008). The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. pp. 25. ISBN 9780801445507. 1270 Louis IX.
^ Parsons, John Carmi (1977). The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290: An Edition of British Library, Additional Manuscript 35294 with Introduction and Notes. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 107. ISBN 9780888440372.
^ Maddicott, J. R. (2001) [1994]. Simon de Montfort. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 9780521376365.
^ Previté-Orton, C. W. (1978) [1952]. Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter. Vol. 2: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 776. ISBN 9780521099776.
^ Natho, Kadir I. (2009). Circassian History. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. p. 72. ISBN 9781465316998.
^ Aydin, Sami (2016) [1996]. A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. Vol. 24. Leiden, Boston: Horatius Press. p. 200. ISBN 9781888456042.
^ Fishman, Talya (2011). Becoming the People of the Talmud: Oral Torah as Written Tradition in Medieval Jewish Cultures. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780812222876.
^ Fairclough, John (2008). "Bigods at Walton Hall and their Successors" (PDF). Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. 41 (4): 418.
^ Babb, J. (2018). A World History of Political Thought. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781786435538.

[1] Conte, Joseph J. (2008). The 14th and Final Crusade to the Middle East: Crusades from the 11th Century to the 21st Century. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 14. ISBN 9781452055466.

[2] Beaulieu, Geoffrey; of Chartres, William (2013). Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia; Field, Sean L. (eds.). The Sanctity of Louis IX: Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres. Translated by Field, Larry F. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780801469138.

[3] Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2015). Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present. London and New York: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781317461098.

[4] Halibo, Gidey Seyoum (2016). "Law, Religion and Pluralism in Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Complex Interaction". In Coertzen, Pieter; Green, M. Christian; Hansen, Len (eds.). Religious Freedom and Religious Pluralism in Africa: Prospects and Limitations. Stellenbosch, South Africa: AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. p. 397. ISBN 9781928357032.

[5] Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014). Shin, Michael D. (ed.). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781107098466.

[6] Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1978). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Vol. I. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 124. ISBN 9780132751155.

[7] Pfeiffer, Judith (2014). Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th - 15th Century Tabriz. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 305. ISBN 9789004262577.

[8] "Welcome to Kutch". www.indianngos.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2019.

[9] Chase-Dunn, Chris; Inoue, Hiroku; Anderson, E.N. (August 16, 2016). "The Growth of Hangzhou and the Geopolitical Context in East Asia". The Institute for Research on World-Systems Working Papers. 111.

[Daftary1992p429-10] Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.

[11] Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Vol. 2: F - O. Westport, CN, London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 513. ISBN 9780313335389.

[12] Brown, Stephen F.; Flores, Juan Carlos (2007). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movemenets. Vol. 76. Lanham, MA, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780810864535.

[13] Perrier, Joseph Louis (1909). The Revival of Scholastic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century. Columbia University Press.

[14] Hutton, Charles (1815). A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary: Containing an Explanation of the Terms, and an Account of the Several Subjects, Comprised Under the Heads Mathematics, Astronomy, and Philosophy Both Natural and Experimental Also Memoirs of the Lives and Writing of the Eminent Authors, Both Ancient and Modern who by Their Discoveries or Improvements Have Contributed to the Advancement of Them. London: Rivington. p. 135.

[15] Lanman, Charles Rockwell (1920). Harvard Oriental Series: Descriptive List Thereof, Revised to 1920: with a Brief Memorial of Its Joint-founder, Henry Clarke Warren. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 5.

[16] Frank, Ben G. (2001) [1992]. A Travel Guide to Jewish Europe: A practical, anecdotal and adventurous journey through historic Jewish Europe, including kosher restaurants, cafes, synagogues and museums, plus cultural and heritage sites (Third ed.). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 489. ISBN 9781455613298.

[17] Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places. Vol. I: A–M (Second ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 460. ISBN 9781598846546.

[18] Historic England. "Hailes Abbey (328158)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved September 13, 2020.

[19] Jamroziak, Emilia (2008). "Border Communities between Violence and Opportunities: Scotland and Pomerania Compared". In Unger, Richard (ed.). Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795. The Northern World. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 134. ISBN 9789004166233.

[20] Hiser, Patricia (2001). My Kind of Man: With the History of the Gwinn, O?Connor, Kincaid, Richardson, Hiser West Virginia Families and Other Associated Lines and the Avery Family of Maine. San Jose New York Lincoln Shanghai: iUniverse. p. 141. ISBN 9780595210008.

[21] Ousterhout, Robert G. (1987). The Architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Vol. 25. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 34. ISBN 9780884021650.

[22] Haft, Adele J.; White, Jane G.; White, Robert J. (1999). The Key to "The Name of the Rose": Including Translations of All Non-English Passages. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780472086214.

[23] Brundage, James A. (2008). The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780226077611.

[24] Wispelwey, Berend (2011). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. p. 575. ISBN 9783110914160.

[25] Taylor, Julia C. (1990). Female Suicide in Chinese Drama: Selected Plays from the Yuan Dynasty to the Cultural Revolution. Madison: University of Wisconsin. p. 40.

[26] Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004). Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 43. ISBN 9788176254366.

[27] Pearson, Stuart (2015). Great Scottish Heroes - Fifty Scots Who Shaped the World. London: John Blake Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9781784186135.

[28] Csepregi, Ildikó (2018). "Preface to the Text Recording Margaret's Miracles". In Csepregi, Ildikó; Klaniczay, Gábor; Péterfi, Bence (eds.). The Oldest Legend: Acts of the Canonization Process, and Miracles of Saint Margaret of Hungary. Central European Medieval Texts. Translated by Csepregi, Ildikó; Flanigan, Clifford; Perraud, Louis. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9789633862186.

[29] Mews, Constant J. (2011). "The "Speculum dominarum" ("Miroir des dames") and Transformations of the Literature of Instruction for Women in the Early Fourteenth Century". In Green, Karen; Mews, Constant J. (eds.). Virtue Ethics for Women 1250-1500. The New Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9789400705296.

[30] Lower, Michael (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9780191061837.

[31] Salagean, Tudor (2016). Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450 - 1450. Vol. 37. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 106. ISBN 9789004311343.

[32] Kosta, László (2007). "Análise Prosopográfica Dos Cónegos Dos Cabidos Catedralícios Húngaros Na Idade Média (1200-1350): Conclusões". Carreiras Eclesiásticas no Ocidente Cristão (séc. XII-XIV). Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de História - Universidade Católica Portuguesa. p. 18. ISBN 9789728361266.

[33] Cross, The Late F. L.; Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Third ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780192802903.

[34] Gaposchkin, Marianne Cecilia (2008). The Making of Saint Louis: Kingship, Sanctity, and Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. pp. 25. ISBN 9780801445507. 1270 Louis IX.

[35] Parsons, John Carmi (1977). The Court and Household of Eleanor of Castile in 1290: An Edition of British Library, Additional Manuscript 35294 with Introduction and Notes. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 107. ISBN 9780888440372.

[36] Maddicott, J. R. (2001) [1994]. Simon de Montfort. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 9780521376365.

[37] Previté-Orton, C. W. (1978) [1952]. Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter. Vol. 2: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 776. ISBN 9780521099776.

[38] Natho, Kadir I. (2009). Circassian History. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. p. 72. ISBN 9781465316998.

[39] Aydin, Sami (2016) [1996]. A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus. Vol. 24. Leiden, Boston: Horatius Press. p. 200. ISBN 9781888456042.

[40] Fishman, Talya (2011). Becoming the People of the Talmud: Oral Torah as Written Tradition in Medieval Jewish Cultures. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780812222876.

[41] Fairclough, John (2008). "Bigods at Walton Hall and their Successors" (PDF). Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. 41 (4): 418.

[42] Babb, J. (2018). A World History of Political Thought. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781786435538.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

1270

Events

Africa

The Eighth Crusade

Other events

Asia

Europe

Births

Deaths

References

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