Konsentrasi hambat minimum

Dalam mikrobiologi, konsentrasi hambat minimum atau KHM (bahasa Inggris: minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) adalah konsentrasi terendah dari suatu bahan kimia, biasanya obat, yang mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri atau jamur secara in vitro .^[1]^[2] Pengujian KHM dilakukan di laboratorium diagnostik^[1]^[2] dan penemuan obat.^[3]^[4]

KHM ditentukan dengan menyiapkan seri pengenceran bahan kimia, menambahkan agar atau kaldu, kemudian menginokulasi dengan bakteri atau jamur, dan menginkubasi pada suhu yang sesuai. Nilai yang diperoleh sebagian besar tergantung pada kerentanan mikroorganisme dan potensi antimikroba bahan kimia, tetapi variabel lain juga dapat memengaruhi hasil.^[5] KHM sering kali dinyatakan dalam mikrogram per mililiter (μg/mL) atau miligram per liter (mg/L).

Di laboratorium diagnostik, hasil uji KHM digunakan untuk menilai kerentanan mikroba. Nilai ini diberikan berdasarkan nilai yang disepakati yang disebut breakpoint. Breakpoint diterbitkan oleh badan pengembangan standar seperti U.S. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) dan European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST).^[6]^[7]^[8] Tujuan pengukuran KHM dan penilaian mikroba adalah untuk memungkinkan dokter meresepkan pengobatan antimikroba yang paling tepat.

Langkah pertama dalam penemuan obat sering kali adalah pengukuran KHM ekstrak biologis, senyawa yang diisolasi, atau pustaka kimia besar terhadap bakteri dan jamur yang diminati.^[9]^[10] Nilai KHM memberikan ukuran kuantitatif terhadap potensi antimikroba ekstrak atau senyawa. Semakin rendah nilai KHM-nya, semakin kuat antimikrobanya.^[4] Ketika data toksisitas in vitro tersedia, KHM juga dapat digunakan untuk menghitung nilai indeks selektivitas, ukuran toksisitas yang tidak sesuai target.^[4]

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Referensi

^ ^a ^b Magréault S, Jauréguy F, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR (Desember 2010). "When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice?". Antibiotics. 11 (12): Article 1748. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121748. PMC 9774413. PMID 36551405.
^ ^a ^b Pfaller MA, Andes D, Diekema DJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Sheehan D (Desember 2010). "Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods". Drug Resistance Updates. 13 (6): 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2010.09.002. PMID 21050800.
^ Bennani FE, Doudach L, El Rhayam Y, Karrouchi K, Cherrah Y, Tarib A, Ansar M, Faouzi ME (November 2022). "Identification of the new progress on pyrazole derivatives molecules as antimicrobial and antifungal agents". West African Journal of Medicine. 39 (11): 1217–1244. PMID 36455285.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (Juni 2020). "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls". Pharmaceutical Research. 37 (7): Article 125. doi:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1. PMID 32529587. S2CID 254932190.
^ McKinnon PS, Davis SL (April 2004). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 23 (4): 271–88. doi:10.1007/s10096-004-1107-7. PMID 15015030. S2CID 28455936.
^ Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JA, Schuetz AN (November 2021). "Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (12): Article e0021321. doi:10.1128/JCM.00213-21. PMC 8601225. PMID 34550809.
^ Andrews JM (Juli 2001). "Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): 5–16. doi:10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5. PMID 11420333.
^ "New definitions of S, I and R from 2019". European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Diakses tanggal 21 Januari 2024.
^ Turnidge JD, Ferraro MJ, Jorgensen JH (2003). "Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations". Dalam Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (ed.). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (Edisi 8). Washington: American Society of Clinical Microbiology. hlm. 1103. ISBN 1-55581-255-4.
^ O'Neill AJ, Chopra I (Agustus 2004). "Preclinical evaluation of novel antibacterial agents by microbiological and molecular techniques". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 13 (8): 1045–63. doi:10.1517/13543784.13.8.1045. PMID 15268641. S2CID 24016698.

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[pmid36551405-1] Magréault S, Jauréguy F, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR (Desember 2010). "When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice?". Antibiotics. 11 (12): Article 1748. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121748. PMC 9774413. PMID 36551405.

[pmid21050800-2] Pfaller MA, Andes D, Diekema DJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Sheehan D (Desember 2010). "Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods". Drug Resistance Updates. 13 (6): 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2010.09.002. PMID 21050800.

[pmid36455285-3] Bennani FE, Doudach L, El Rhayam Y, Karrouchi K, Cherrah Y, Tarib A, Ansar M, Faouzi ME (November 2022). "Identification of the new progress on pyrazole derivatives molecules as antimicrobial and antifungal agents". West African Journal of Medicine. 39 (11): 1217–1244. PMID 36455285.

[pmid32529587-4] Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (Juni 2020). "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls". Pharmaceutical Research. 37 (7): Article 125. doi:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1. PMID 32529587. S2CID 254932190.

[pmid15015030-5] McKinnon PS, Davis SL (April 2004). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 23 (4): 271–88. doi:10.1007/s10096-004-1107-7. PMID 15015030. S2CID 28455936.

[pmid34550809-6] Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JA, Schuetz AN (November 2021). "Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (12): Article e0021321. doi:10.1128/JCM.00213-21. PMC 8601225. PMID 34550809.

[pmid11420333-7] Andrews JM (Juli 2001). "Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): 5–16. doi:10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5. PMID 11420333.

[EUCAST-1-8] "New definitions of S, I and R from 2019". European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Diakses tanggal 21 Januari 2024.

[9] Turnidge JD, Ferraro MJ, Jorgensen JH (2003). "Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations". Dalam Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (ed.). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (Edisi 8). Washington: American Society of Clinical Microbiology. hlm. 1103. ISBN 1-55581-255-4.

[pmid15268641-10] O'Neill AJ, Chopra I (Agustus 2004). "Preclinical evaluation of novel antibacterial agents by microbiological and molecular techniques". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 13 (8): 1045–63. doi:10.1517/13543784.13.8.1045. PMID 15268641. S2CID 24016698.

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Konsentrasi hambat minimum

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Referensi

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