Dampak manusia pada lingkungan

Dampak manusia pada lingkungan. Dari kiri atas searah jarum jam: gambar satelit polusi asap Asia Tenggara; petugas IAEA menelisik bencana Fukushima; seekor burung laut pada sebuah tumpahan minyak; budak-budak membersihkan Hutan Atlantik Brasil untuk pendatang Portugis ca 1820–1825; drainase tambang asam di Rio Tinto; pemancingan industri pada 1997, sebuah cara yang mengarah ke penangkapan ikan berlebih.

Dampak manusia pada lingkungan (atau dampak lingkungan antropogenik) merujuk kepada perubahan pada lingkungan biofisik^[1] dan kepada ekosistem-ekosistem, keanekaragaman hayati Dan sumber daya alam yang disebabkan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung oleh manusia.^[2] Memodifikasi lingkungan agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat (seperti pada lingkungan binaan) menyebabkan efek-efek parah^[3][4] termasuk pemanasan global,^[1][5][6] degradasi lingkungan^[1] (seperti peningkatan keasaman air laut^[1][7]), kepunahan massal dan hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati,^{[8][9][10][11]} krisis ekologi dan keruntuhan ekosistem. Beberapa aktivitas manusia yang menyebabkan kerusakan (baik langsung maupun tidak langsung) pada lingkungan dalam skala global mencakup pertumbuhan populasi,^[12][13][14] kebijakan ekonomi neoliberal^[15][16][17] dan pertumbuhan ekonomi cepat,^[18] konsumsi berlebihan, eksploitasi berlebihan, polusi dan deforestasi. Beberapa dari masalah ini, termasuk pemanasan global dan hilangnya kenaekaragaman hayati, telah diusukan sebagai perwakilan dari ancaman kehancuran global terhadap kesintasan spesies manusia.^[19][20]

Istilah antropogenik merujuk kepada efek atau objek yang dihasilkan oleh aktifitas manusia. Istilah ini pertama kali digunakan dalam konteks teknis oleh geolog Rusia Alexey Pavlov. Ilmuwan atmosfer Paul Crutzen mengenalkan istilah "Antroposen" pada pertengahan 1970-an.^[21] Istilah ini terkadang digubakan dalam konteks pencemaran yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia sejak dimulainya Revolusi Industri namun juga mencakup semua dampak besa manusia pada lingkungan secara luas.^[22][23][24] Banyak tindakan yang diambil oleh manusia yang berkontribusi pada pemanasan lingkungan berakar dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil dari berbagai sumber, seperti: listrik, mobil, pesawat, pemanas, manufaktur, dan perusakan hutan.^[25]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, DeAngelo B, Doherty S, Hayhoe K, Horton R, Kossin JP, Taylor PC, Waple AM, Weaver CP (2017). "Executive Summary". Dalam Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, Dokken DJ, Stewart BC, Maycock TK (ed.). Climate Science Special Report – Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4). Vol. I. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program. hlm. 12–34. doi:10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.
2. ^ Sahney, Benton & Ferry (2010); Hawksworth & Bull (2008); Steffen et al. (Matson) Chapin, Matson & Vitousek (2011)
3. ^ Stockton, Nick (22 April 2015). "The Biggest Threat to the Earth? We Have Too Many Kids". Wired.com. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 18 December 2019. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2017.
4. ^ Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William R. (5 November 2019). "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency". BioScience. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz088. hdl:1808/30278. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 3 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2019. Still increasing by roughly 80 million people per year, or more than 200,000 per day (figure 1a–b), the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity. There are proven and effective policies that strengthen human rights while lowering fertility rates and lessening the impacts of population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss. These policies make family-planning services available to all people, remove barriers to their access and achieve full gender equity, including primary and secondary education as a global norm for all, especially girls and young women (Bongaarts and O'Neill 2018).
5. ^ Cook, John (13 April 2016). "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (4): 048002. Bibcode:2016ERL....11d8002C. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002. hdl:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6. The consensus that humans are causing recent global warming is shared by 90%–100% of publishing climate scientists according to six independent studies
6. ^ Lenton, Timothy M.; Xu, Chi; Abrams, Jesse F.; Ghadiali, Ashish; Loriani, Sina; Sakschewski, Boris; Zimm, Caroline; Ebi, Kristie L.; Dunn, Robert R.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (2023). "Quantifying the human cost of global warming". Nature Sustainability. 6 (10): 1237–1247. Bibcode:2023NatSu...6.1237L. doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01132-6. hdl:10871/132650.
7. ^ "Increased Ocean Acidity". Epa.gov. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 30 August 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 23 June 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 November 2017. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere whenever people burn fossil fuels. Oceans play an important role in keeping the Earth's carbon cycle in balance. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rises, the oceans absorb a lot of it. In the ocean, carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid. This causes the acidity of seawater to increase.
8. ^ Weston, Phoebe (March 26, 2025). "Biodiversity loss in all species and every ecosystem linked to humans – report". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal March 29, 2025.
9. ^ Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, 1996, The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind, Anchor, ISBN 0-385-46809-1
10. ^ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Garcia, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195.
11. ^ Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection". Science. 344 (6187). doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
12. ^ Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (November 2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428.
13. ^ Perkins, Sid (11 July 2017). "The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government isn't telling you about". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aan7083.
14. ^ Nordström, Jonas; Shogren, Jason F.; Thunström, Linda (15 April 2020). "Do parents counter-balance the carbon emissions of their children?". PLOS One. 15 (4): e0231105. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1531105N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231105. PMC 7159189. PMID 32294098. It is well understood that adding to the population increases CO₂ emissions.
15. ^ Harvey, David (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 173. ISBN 978-0199283279.
16. ^ Rees, William E. (2020). "Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 169: 106519. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.16906519R. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519. the neoliberal paradigm contributes significantly to planetary unraveling. Neoliberal thinking treats the economy and the ecosphere as separate independent systems and essentially ignores the latter.
17. ^ Jones, Ellie-Anne; Stafford, Rick (2021). "Neoliberalism and the Environment: Are We Aware of Appropriate Action to Save the Planet and Do We Think We Are Doing Enough?". Earth. 2 (2): 331–339. Bibcode:2021Earth...2..331J. doi:10.3390/earth2020019.
18. ^ Cafaro, Philip (November 2022). "Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species". Philosophia. 50 (5): 2263–2282. doi:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w. Conservation biologists agree that humanity is on the verge of causing a mass extinction and that its primary driver is our immense and rapidly expanding global economy.
19. ^ "New Climate Risk Classification Created to Account for Potential "Existential" Threats". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 14 September 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 15 September 2017. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2017. A new study evaluating models of future climate scenarios has led to the creation of the new risk categories "catastrophic" and "unknown" to characterize the range of threats posed by rapid global warming. Researchers propose that unknown risks imply existential threats to the survival of humanity.
20. ^ Torres, Phil (11 April 2016). "Biodiversity loss: An existential risk comparable to climate change". Thebulletin.org. Taylor & Francis. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 13 April 2016. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2017.
21. ^ Crutzen, Paul and Eugene F. Stoermer. "The 'Anthropocene'" in International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Newsletter. 41 (May 2000): 17–18
22. ^ Scott, Michon (2014). "Glossary". NASA Earth Observatory. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 17 September 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2008.
23. ^ Syvitski, Jaia; Waters, Colin N.; Day, John; et al. (2020). "Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch". Communications Earth & Environment. 1 (32): 32. Bibcode:2020ComEE...1...32S. doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00029-y. hdl:10810/51932.
24. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Elhacham2020
25. ^ Trenberth, Kevin E. (2 October 2018). "Climate change caused by human activities is happening and it already has major consequences". Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law (dalam bahasa Inggris). 36 (4): 463–481. Bibcode:2018JENRL..36..463T. doi:10.1080/02646811.2018.1450895.