軍政國境地帶

軍政國境地帶
Militärgrenze
1553—1881
18世紀時的軍政國境地帶(紅線標識)
18世紀時的軍政國境地帶(紅線標識)
地位軍事省份
宗教
羅馬天主教
東正教
历史时期早期現代
• 建立
1553
• 终结
1881

軍政國境地帶(德語:Militärgrenze, 塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語拉丁字母Vojna krajina/Vojna granica; 匈牙利語Katonai határőrvidék; 羅馬尼亞語Graniță militară),為哈布斯堡王朝及後來的奧地利帝國&奧匈帝國的一類邊境領地,作為防範鄂圖曼帝國進襲的前沿防線。

斐迪南一世於16世紀被選為匈牙利克羅地亞的國王後,也隨之在兩地建立起新的防禦系統,為一套處於特別軍政管轄下的六個行政分區。1869年之後,由於奧匈帝國和土耳其已少有戰事,克羅地亞議會要求這一地區實現非軍事化。1881年之後,軍政國境地帶的大部分地區被併入克羅埃西亞-斯拉沃尼亞王國

克羅地亞軍政國境地帶斯洛文尼亞軍政國境地帶初始,是處於克羅地亞議會及當地總督的管轄權下。到1627年這些地區被轉由哈布斯堡軍隊直接指揮。不過直到1881年正式廢除該防線地區體制前,在地人民也一直享有完整的民事和軍事自治權力。

由17世紀開始,相關地域就向東擴張並增加設立分區,由之其是從西邊克羅地亞本部延展到東邊外西凡尼亞,囊括地域為現代的克羅地亞波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那塞爾維亞羅馬尼亞匈牙利。在此期間,防禦體制亦隨之改變,由常駐軍事單位轉變為一種軍役移民社區。

歷史上該地區的定居者被熟知為邊防步兵Grenzer,或稱frontiersmen),大多數人為克羅地亞人塞爾維亞人德意志人弗拉赫人及其他背景移民[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]。為換取土地收穫、宗教自由和優惠稅率,這些羣體就到這些地方墾殖,並效忠王朝擔當抵禦鄂圖曼進襲的衛士。18世紀時匈牙利招徠一批德意志人定居和開發多瑙河谷,進而得名多瑙河斯瓦比亞人(Donauschwaben)。由在地定居者們組成的團隊單位,有著各種移民落腳及服役的原因,熟悉駐地的地利和環境,在歷史上也很快贏取了令人畏懼的軍事聲名。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Frucht, Richard. Eastern Europe, An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. 2004: 422. ISBN 1576078000. 
  2. ^ Stoianovich, Traian. Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Routledge. 1992: 152. ISBN 1563240335. 
  3. ^ Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur. Racial Discrimination and Ethnicity in European History. 2003 [2023-10-12]. ISBN 9788884922809. (原始内容存档于2022-11-23). 
  4. ^ Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (编). Hungary: From Ninth Century Origins to the 1956 Uprising. Routledge. 2017: 116. ISBN 978-1138525542. 
  5. ^ Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History. NYU Press. 1996: 98. ISBN 0814755615. 
  6. ^ Pál, Fodor; Geza, David; Gábor, Agoston; Klára, Hegyi; József, Kelenik; Kybinyi, András; Géza, Pálffy. Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest (Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage). Brill. 2000: 62. ISBN 9004119078. 
  7. ^ Calic, Marie-Janine. The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe. Harvard University Press. 2019: 79. ISBN 978-0674983922. 
  8. ^ Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press. 1984: 43. ISBN 0801416752. 
  9. ^ Kaser, Karl. Household and Family in the Balkans: Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz. LIT Verlag. 2012: 123–124. ISBN 978-3643504067. 

外部連結


Read other articles:

Lontar TimurDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiKalimantan SelatanKabupatenKotabaruKecamatanPulau Laut BaratKode pos72153Kode Kemendagri63.02.02.2006 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Lontar Timur adalah salah satu desa di wilayah kecamatan Pulau Laut Barat, kabupaten Kotabaru, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerinta...

 

Komando Resor Militer atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Korem adalah satuan teritorial yang berada di bawah Komando Daerah Militer (Kodam). Korem membawahi beberapa Komando Distrik Militer (Kodim), satuan pendukung seperti Polisi Militer, Zeni Bangunan, Pembekalan dan Angkutan, Peralatan, Perhubungan, Kesehatan dan lainnya. Bahkan ada Korem yang mempunyai Yonif teritorial sendiri, seperti Korem 072/Pamungkas mempunyai Yonif Mekanis 403/Wirasada Pratista sebagai Yonif teritorial. Korem di...

 

1990 studio album by Iron MaidenNo Prayer for the DyingStudio album by Iron MaidenReleased1 October 1990 (1990-10-01)RecordedJune–September 1990StudioBarnyard (Essex, England)GenreHeavy metalLength43:42LabelEMIProducerMartin BirchIron Maiden studio albums chronology Seventh Son of a Seventh Son(1988) No Prayer for the Dying(1990) Fear of the Dark(1992) Alternative cover1998 remastered edition Singles from No Prayer for the Dying Holy SmokeReleased: 10 September 1990 ...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le sport. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations du projet sport. Le Comité national olympique d'Afghanistan (en dari, کمیته ملی المپیک افغانستان, en anglais, Afghanistan National Olympic Committee), créé en 1935 et reconnu par le Comité international olympique en 1936, est le comité national olympique d'Afghanistan. Présentation La première délégation olympiq...

 

Европейская сардина Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеГруппа:Костные рыбыКласс:Лучепёрые рыбыПодкласс:Новопёры...

 

Demographics of South KoreaPopulation pyramid of South Korea in 2022Population51,430,018 (2023 est.)Growth rate−0.24% (2022 est.)Birth rate4.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)Death rate6.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)Life expectancy82.97 years • male79.88 years • female86.24 years (2022 est.)Fertility rate0.72 children born/woman (2023)[1]Infant mortality rate2.87 deaths/1,000 live birthsNet migration rate2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022...

Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана Штаб-квартира Баку, ул. С. Ахундова, AZ 1115 Локация  Азербайджан Тип организации Космическое агентство Руководители Директор: Натиг Джавадов Первый заместитель генерального директора Тофик Сулейманов Основание Осн�...

 

NFL team season 2015 Detroit Lions seasonOwnerMartha Firestone FordGeneral managerMartin Mayhew (fired Nov. 5)Sheldon White (interim)Head coachJim CaldwellHome fieldFord FieldResultsRecord7–9Division place3rd NFC NorthPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro BowlersEzekiel Ansah, DECalvin Johnson, WR ← 2014 Lions seasons 2016 → The 2015 Detroit Lions season was the franchise's 86th season in the National Football League, their 82nd as the Detroit Lions and the second unde...

 

American political think tank (established 1919) This article is about the American public policy think tank. For its research library, see Hoover Institution Library and Archives. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Hoover Institution – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Ho...

Provincial political party in Canada BC United Active provincial partyAbbreviationBCULeaderKevin FalconPresidentJohn YapFounded1903; 121 years ago (1903)HeadquartersVancouver, British ColumbiaYouth wingBC United YouthMembership (2022) 45,000[1]IdeologyConservatismNeoliberalismPolitical positionCentre-rightNational affiliationLiberal Party of Canada (until 1987)Colours  Aqua  PinkSeats in the Legislative Assembly24 / 87 Websitevotebcunited.caPolitics of...

 

Neighborhood in New York City Neighborhood of Queens in New York CityQueens VillageNeighborhood of QueensSt. Joseph's Episcopal ChurchLocation within New York CityCoordinates: 40°42′54″N 73°44′24″W / 40.715°N 73.74°W / 40.715; -73.74Country United StatesState New YorkCityNew York CityCounty/BoroughQueensCommunity DistrictQueens 13[1]Population (2010)[2] • Total52,504Ethnicity[3] • Black50.2%...

 

American politician Jonathan Mayhew WainwrightUnited States Assistant Secretary of WarIn officeMarch 14, 1921 – March 4, 1923Appointed byWarren G. HardingPreceded byWilliam Reid WilliamsSucceeded byDwight Filley DavisMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New York's 25th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1923 – March 3, 1931Preceded byJames W. HustedSucceeded byCharles D. MillardMember of the New York Senatefrom the 24th districtIn officeJanuary 1, 1909 ...

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Sirin HamshoLahir1986 (umur 37–38)Hama, SuriahTempat tinggalAmerika SerikatKebangsaanSuriah, PrancisAlmamaterMassachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Versailles, University of Kalamoon, University of DamascusPekerjaanInsinyur, P...

 

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Макдональд. Патрик Макдональд Общая информация Полное имя Patrick Joseph McDonald Дата и место рождения 26 июля 1878(1878-07-26)[1] или 29 июля 1878(1878-07-29)Дунбег, Клэр, Манстер, Великобритания Дата и место смерти 16 мая 1954(1954-05-16)&#...

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Népal et l’administration territoriale. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. District de Nawalparasi नवलपरासी जिल्ला District de NawalparasiAutres districts de la zone de LumbinîAutres zones de la région OuestAutres districts, zones et régions Administration Pays Népal Région Ouest Zone Lumbinî Type District Chef-lieu Para...

Альфонс Муха Ювелирный магазин Фуке. 1900—1901 фр. Bijouterie Fouquet дерево, стекло, металл музей Карнавале, Париж,  Франция  Медиафайлы на Викискладе Ювелирный магазин Фуке (фр. Bijouterie Fouquet) — бутик ювелирного дома Жоржа Фуке[фр.] в Париже, фасад и интерьер которого был�...

 

Voce principale: Italia (regione geografica). Penisola italianaLa Penisola italiana e i suoi confini Stati Italia San Marino Città del Vaticano Superficie131 887,09[1] km² Abitanti25 102 567[1] Lingueitaliano, dialetti italiani mediani, dialetti italiani meridionali estremi (siciliano), dialetti italiani meridionali (napoletano), arbëreshe o albanese d'Italia, dialetti greco-italioti, croato molisano, dialetto guardiolo, franco-provenzale...

 

この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 ほとんどまたは完全に一つの出典に頼っています。(2021年12月) 独自研究が含まれているおそれがあります。(2012年9月)出典検索?: 総合スーパー – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL アメリ�...

旧制大学(きゅうせいだいがく、旧字体:舊制大學)とは、日本において学校教育法(1947年4月1日施行)より前の学校制度における大学の全般を指す言葉である。 概要 旧制大学という用語は、第二次世界大戦後の1947年に施行された学校教育法によって新規に設立された大学(新制大学)と対比する意味で用いられる事が多い。一般的な修業年限は明治25年4月以降、医�...

 

Not to be confused with clamper (electronics). The voltage clamp operates by negative feedback. The membrane potential amplifier measures membrane voltage and sends output to the feedback amplifier; this subtracts the membrane voltage from the command voltage, which it receives from the signal generator. This signal is amplified and output is sent into the axon via the current-passing electrode. The voltage clamp is an experimental method used by electrophysiologists to measure the ion curren...