田忌

田忌
上大夫
本名姓:妫
氏:田
名:忌
国籍齐国
别名陳忌、田臣思、田期思
活跃时期戰國時期

田忌(?—?),氏,名,又作陈忌田臣思田期思中國战国时期齊國公子

生平

約公元前340年,孫臏逃亡到齊國,田忌賞識孫臏的才能,收為門客。在一次賽馬時,孫臏向田忌提出了以下馬對上馬,以上馬對中馬,以中馬對下馬,此即「田忌賽馬」。[a]

公元前354年,桂陵之戰爆發,魏國攻打趙國,齊國派兵相助,田忌為司令,孫臏為參謀,結果孫臏以「圍魏救趙」的兵法大勝。[b][c]

公元前342年,馬陵之戰爆發,魏國攻打韓國,趙國派兵相助。齊軍救韓,以田忌為元帥,孫臏為軍師,孫臏仍進軍魏都大梁,用「減灶之計」,讓魏軍大將龐涓輕敵深入,中埋伏而陣亡,元帥太子申被斬殺,齊國大勝回师,田忌以军功封徐州,赐子爵,升中大夫。同年年底,被齊相鄒忌反間計陷害,田忌無法澄清,逃亡楚國[d][e][f][g][f][h]。公元前333年,齊王知曉了鄒忌陷害田忌的事,於是召田忌回到齊國,恢復職位[i]。《史記》則載田忌於齊宣王時期回到齊國[j]

注釋

文獻

杨宽. 《战国史料编年辑证》. 上海市福建中路193号: 上海人民出版社. 2001年11月: 1195页. ISBN 9787208031852. 

腳注
  1. ^ 史记·卷六十五·孙子吴起列传》:忌数与齐诸公子驰逐重射。孙子见其马足不甚相远,马有上、中、下、辈。于是孙子谓田忌曰:“君弟重射,臣能令君胜。”田忌信然之,与王及诸公子逐射千金。及临质,孙子曰:“今以君之下驷与彼上驷,取君上驷与彼中驷,取君中驷与彼下驷。”既驰三辈毕,而田忌一不胜而再胜,卒得王千金。于是忌进孙子于威王。威王问兵法,遂以为师。
  2. ^ 《史记·卷四十六·田敬仲完世家》记载邹忌与田忌不和,于是采纳公孙阅的建议让齐威王派田忌南攻襄陵,但《古本竹书纪年·魏纪》未记载围攻襄陵的齐军主将为何人。《古本竹书纪年·魏纪》又记载在桂陵之战之后,魏惠王调用韩国军队击败围攻襄陵的齐军,可知围攻襄陵的齐军主将并非田忌,《史记·田敬仲完世家》的记载有误,见杨宽所著《战国史料编年辑证》第327页。[1]:327,331-332,369,374,378-379
  3. ^ 战国策·卷八·齐策一·邯郸之难》:田侯召大臣而谋曰:“救赵孰与勿救?”邹子曰:“不如勿救。”段干纶(《史记·卷四十六·田敬仲完世家》作段干朋)曰:“弗救,则我不利。”田侯曰:“何哉?”“夫魏氏兼邯郸,其于齐何利哉!”田侯曰:“善。”乃起兵,曰:“军于邯郸之郊。”段干纶曰:“臣之求利且不利者,非此也。夫救邯郸,军于其郊,是赵不拔而魏全也。故不如南攻襄陵以弊魏,邯郸拔而承魏之弊,是赵破而魏弱也。”田侯曰:“善。”乃起兵南攻襄陵。
  4. ^ 以上内容《史记·卷四十六·田敬仲完世家》也有记载,但参与讨论的人物有所不同。《战国策》记载为田侯,《史记》记载为齐宣王;提出及早救韩者《战国策》记载为张丏,《史记》记载为田忌;提出推迟救韩者《战国策》记载为田忌,《史记》记载为孙膑;《史记》还另外记载邹忌反对救韩。杨宽认为《战国策》的记载为原始资料,《史记》为推崇孙膑,故意将田忌的计谋描写成孙膑的计谋,所以出现以上的偏差,见杨宽所著《战国史料编年辑证》第369页。[1]:327,331-332,369,374,378-379
  5. ^ 《战国策·卷八·齐策一·南梁之难》:南梁之难,韩氏请救于齐。田侯召大臣而谋曰:“早救之孰与晚救之便?”张丏对曰:“晚救之韩且折而入于魏,不如早救之。”田臣思(即田忌)曰:“不可,夫韩、魏之兵未弊,而我救之,我代韩而受魏之兵,顾反听命于韩也。且夫魏有破韩之志,韩见且亡,必东愬于齐。我因阴结韩之亲,而晚承魏之弊,则国可重,利可得,名可尊矣。”田侯曰:“善。”乃阴告韩使者而遣之。
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 《史记·卷四十六·田敬仲完世家》:韩因恃齐,五战不胜,而东委国於齐。齐因起兵,使田忌、田婴(应为田朌)将,孙子为师,救韩、赵以击魏。
  7. ^ 《史记·卷十五·六国年表》:(齐宣王)二年(应为齐威王十六年),败魏马陵。田忌、田婴、田朌将,孙子为师。
  8. ^ 《資治通鑒·周紀二》:成侯邹忌恶田忌,使人操十金,卜于市,曰:“我,田忌之人也。我为将三战三胜,欲行大事,可乎?”卜者出,因使人执之。田忌不能自明,率其徒攻临淄,求成侯;不克,出奔楚。
  9. ^ 《資治通鑒·周紀二》:齊王知成侯賣田忌,乃召而復之。
  10. ^ 《史記·孟嘗君列傳》:田嬰自威王時任職用事,與成侯鄒忌及田忌將而救韓伐魏。成侯與田忌爭寵,成侯賣田忌。田忌懼,襲齊之邊邑,不勝,亡走。會威王卒,宣王立,知成侯賣田忌,乃復召田忌以為將。宣王二年,田忌與孫臏、田嬰俱伐魏,敗之馬陵,虜魏太子申而殺魏將龐涓。
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