有色金属

金銀銅合金的顏色

有色金属(或称非鐵金屬)是工業上對金屬的一種分類,指除黑色金属外,其他存在於自然界中的金属。半金屬有時也會列在有色金属中[1],而锕系元素放射性金屬有時不被算作有色金属。

常用的有色金属包括等,这十种金属在中國固定地称为“十种有色金属”或“十种常用有色金属”。[2]

有色金属分類

有色金属可以依密度、物理或化學性質、價格及蘊藏量等,分為有色輕金屬、有色重金屬、貴金屬及稀有金属四類[3]

  • 稀有金属:指在自然界中含量很少、分佈稀散或難以提取精煉的金屬。其中可再分為稀有輕金属、稀有高熔点金属、稀有分散金属、稀土金属及稀有放射性金属等五類。
    • 稀有輕金属:包括。這類金屬的活性較強,其氧化物及氯化物相當穩定,很難還原
    • 稀有高熔点金属:包括。這類金屬的熔點都在1700℃以上,硬度大。其碳化物、氮化物、硅化物或硼化物往往也有硬度大,熔點高的特性。
    • 稀有分散金属:包括。這類金屬在地殼中的分佈相當分散,罕有具開採價值的獨立礦床,通常作為生產其他金屬過程中的副產品得到。
    • 稀土金属:包括鑭系元素等17種元素。這類金屬在自然界中的含量並不低,但它們在地殼中的分佈相當分散,且在礦石中總是相互伴生存在,再加上它們之間的化學性質非常相似,難以單獨分離、提取。稀土金屬的化學性質活潑,容易與氧、硫、氯、氮等元素反應。
    • 稀有放射性金属:即天然放射性元素,包括,這類金屬在地殼中常常伴生於稀土礦物中,主要用於原子能工業。

不過上述的分類並非絕對。有時會以密度5 g/cm3作為有色輕金屬及有色重金屬的分界。

有色金属合金

有色金属合金是以一种有色金属为基体,加入一种或几种其他元素而构成的合金。与钢铁等黑色金属材料相比,有色金属合金具有许多优良的特性,强度和硬度一般比纯金属高,具有良好的综合机械性能和耐腐蚀性能,常用来制造化工容器及有关的设备零部件。[4]

應用

有色金属产品的特点是,品种多,应用领域广,关联度大,在经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。特别是一部分有色金属物理化学特性突出,成为保证战略武器、高新技术、重大工程等国力增强的支撑材料,具有十分重要战略价值,使产业具有较高敏感性。目前部分稀有金属是世界大国高度重视的战略储备资源。[5]

參見

資料來源

  1. ^ 阿里巴巴,有色金属的分类,http://info.china.alibaba.com/news/detail/v6-d5387132.html页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ 中华人民共和国工业和信息化部, 有色金属行业信息化情况页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ 深圳废品回收网,有色金属的分类,http://www.gunong.cn/huishou17/fphs500.htm 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2007-09-28.
  4. ^ 有色金属合金都包括哪些?_上海有色网. hq.smm.cn. [2018-12-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-24). 
  5. ^ 上海期货或交易所. 有色金属行业特性及产业链分析 (PDF). 上海期货或交易所. 2009年11月2-3日 [2018年12月1日]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021年3月24日). 

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