心網蟲屬
鏈狀心網蟲
科学分类
界:
动物界 Animalia
总门:
蜕皮动物总门 Ecdysozoa
演化支 :
泛节肢动物 Panarthropoda
並系群 :
† 葉足動物 Lobopodia
纲:
† 異蟲綱 Xenusia
目:
† 堅有爪目 Scleronychophora
演化支 :
† 怪誕蟲類群 Hallucigeniids
科:
† 心網蟲科 CardiodictyidaeHou & Bergstrom, 1995[ 3]
属:
† 心網蟲屬 Cardiodictyon Hou, Ramsköld, and Bergström, 1991[ 1]
种:
鏈狀心網蟲 C. catenulum
二名法
Cardiodictyon catenulum Hou, Ramsköld, and Bergström, 1991
鏈狀心網蟲 (學名 :Cardiodictyon catenulum[ 1] )是心網蟲科 (學名 :Cardiodictyidae [ 3] )心網蟲屬 (學名 :Cardiodictyon [ 1] )的唯一一個物種 [ 1] [ 4] ,也是模式種 。此物種在中國南方發現的。[ 3] [ 1] 生存在中寒武紀。[ 1] 此物種的化石標本非常普遍,總共發現多達兩百多個心網蟲的化石標本,而且大多發現的標本是扁的,而且是彎曲的,[ 4] 再加上化石保存都很好。[ 5] 心網蟲的頭部具有兩對的前附肢[ 3] [ 6] ,頭裡還有可能類似大腦 的器官[ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] ,頭部區域是箭頭狀,前面的邊緣是圓形。其頭部由一對大骨片保護,頭部前緣有雙重結構[ 3] ,並有一對眼點[ 12] ; 背板的形狀也被重新詮釋。[ 3] 嘴巴和肛門位於身體前後的末端。[ 8] 身體很細長還有一條條的環紋[ 13] ,23對邊邊很尖的六角形的骨片,還有23對腳,而腳上兩個爪子。[ 3] [ 1] 與怪誕蟲屬 (Hallucigenia )其中的一種強壯怪誕蟲 (Hallucigenia fortis ),因為既有身長的身軀[ 14] [ 15] [ 16] ,與心網蟲一樣都是在中國發現的。[ 1] 與囉哩山蟲屬 (Luolishania )、微網蟲屬 (Microdictyon )、貧腿蟲屬 (Paucipodia )[ 17] 、爪網蟲屬 (Onychodictyon )[ 1] 都是在中國早期發現的基群 泛節肢生物 。[ 6] [ 18]
命名
心網蟲屬是在中國 雲南省 澂江市 的澄江化石地 發現的。[ 3] [ 4] [ 19] 是源自希臘語 kardia 是指心, 和dictyon 是網子的意思。catenula 是源自拉丁語 , 意指小鍊條或是鐵鍊,是指心網蟲身上的一排一排的骨板。[ 3]
描述
鏈狀心網蟲的整體附原圖。 異蟲 (Xenusion )在海底爬行的復原圖,旁邊還有暗紅色的水母 。與心網蟲都是以爬行移動。頭部看起來像是橢圓形或是半圓形[ 4] [ 20] ,頭部有原本被發現有三對細長的前附肢,其中兩對已經確定存在,第三對當時還不能確定[ 1] ,而之後的研究發現只有兩對前附肢。[ 6] [ 21] [ 20] [ 22] ,位在頭部骨片的更前面。[ 20] 頭部的一端被一對大骨片覆蓋[ 3] [ 13] [ 20] [ 22] [ 23] ,頭部有分節[ 6] ,沒有大骨片的頭部看起來就像末端[ 1] ,頭部和尾部的末端逐漸變得細。[ 3] 在頭部上還有細小的眼點。[ 3] [ 4] [ 12] [ 20] [ 24] 身體細長[ 3] [ 4] ,大約身長3公分、1公分寬[ 4] ,身體沒有分節[ 6] ,還有25對附肢(頭部的兩對附肢加上身體的二十三對用來行走的腳)[ 25] [ 26] [ 27] ,共有23塊的網狀六角形骨片[ 3] [ 13] [ 25] [ 26] [ 28] [ 註 1] ,每個骨片與骨片的間隔總是有規律的,最後一塊的骨片在後面就是身體的尾部,而且尾部是鈍的。[ 3] 原本以為身上是沒有環紋[ 1] ,後來證明有一條條的環紋。[ 13] 發現有一從頭部延伸身體的末端條縱向的暗黑色寬帶,推測可能是腸子。[ 3] [ 4] [ 13] [ 29] 整個身體的骨板形狀幾乎沒什麼變化,每隔一對骨板,也就有一對腳。[ 3] 這一些腳很長,大約是身體寬度的三倍。[ 1] 當初而底部的爪子保存的不完整[ 1] ,因而誤以為有四、五個爪子[ 1] [ 3] ,而之後發現其實只有兩個爪子。[ 25]
加拿大奇蝦 (Anomalocaris canadensis )正在用前附肢捕捉在游泳的等刺虫属 (Isoxys )。心網蟲可能與奇蝦一樣用附肢捕食。
生活
對心網蟲的生活幾乎一無所知,有一些甚至是以對其他寒武紀 葉足動物 認知而成的。心網蟲是底棲型的物種,因為具有用來行走的腳,發現的腸子可能代表心網蟲是肉食性 或是雜食性 ,且頭上兩對的附肢可能與放射齒目 一樣,用來抓捕獵物。[ 4]
資料來源
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^ 通常發現心網蟲化石標本都是發現側面的,所以骨片看起來類似三角形;如果以背側骨片看,那看到的是類似六角形。