伊拉斯谟,全名德西德里乌斯·伊拉斯谟·罗特罗达穆斯(Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus;1466年10月28日—1536年7月12日),也译作伊拉斯姆斯、埃拉斯默斯、艾拉思姆斯、伊拉斯莫斯,史学界通称鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟(Erasmus von Rotterdam),是文藝復興時期尼德兰(今荷兰和比利时)的人文主义思想家和神学家、天主教神父,為北方文藝復興的代表人物。伊拉斯谟是一个用纯拉丁语写作的古典学者,並曾撰文尖锐地批評罗马天主教会的驕奢腐敗,引發了歐洲各地教會呼籲變革的聲浪。儘管如此,在宗教改革運動爆發後並未支持改革派,同時對於天主教會內的「動亂」感到自責,甚至因此婉拒了教皇國授予的枢机职位。
伊拉斯谟在《论死亡之准备》(Treatise on Preparation For Death)一文中表達了自己的宗教觀,他認為永生的保证不來自于教堂中的圣礼和仪式,而仅在于对基督赎罪的信念。他被視為文藝復興時期最重要的人道主義者之一,終其一生都在為保衛天主教的福音傳播構思而奮鬥。
1492年,25岁的伊拉斯谟成为被授予神父之職,並且正式宣誓成為修士。但在之后的日子里他並未认真投身神职工作,反而将僧院制度作为了他批判教会统治中的主要抨击目标。在他从事神职工作后不久,就得到了一个离开修道院的机会。基于他精湛的拉丁语水平和闻名的作家身分,他被邀请担任康布雷采邑主教贝亨的亨利(德语:Heinrich von Glymes und Berghes)的秘书。
伊拉斯謨和宗教改革家馬丁路德曾在同一個平信徒修院(Brethren of Common Life)和同一個修會制度(Augustinian Monastery)下修道,深受伊拉斯謨文章影響的路德對其相當钦佩、并渴望與伊拉斯谟結交。然而後來兩人由於對自身性格、宗教理念的不同開始交惡、分道揚鑣。此後伊拉斯谟公開指責馬丁路德的文章為野蠻的書,馬丁·路德則發表了《論意志之束縛(英语:On the Bondage of the Will)》一文進行反駁。
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The Acrostic Study Bible. St. Louis: Gateway International Publishing. 2011. (原始内容存档于4 December 2012). The first modern Parallel Greek New Testament, using Erasmus's 1522 edition (used by Tyndale and the King James writers).
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一次文献
Collected Works of Erasmus (U of Toronto Press, 1974–2011). 78 volumes published thus far; see U. Toronto Press, in English translation
The Correspondence of Erasmus (U of Toronto Press, 1975–2011), 14 volumes down to 1528 are published
Rabil, Albert. "Erasmus: Recent Critical Editions and Translations," Renaissance Quarterly 54#1 2001. Discusses both the Toronto translation and the entirely separate Latin edition published in Amsterdam since 1969 (online edition (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
Joseph Sauer: Desiderius Erasmus (Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1909)
James D. Tracy: Erasmus of the Low Countries, Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press 1997
Desiderius Erasmus: "War is sweet to those who have no experience of it ..." Protest against Violence and War - Online-Exhibition (2017) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)