当归

当归
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 菊类植物 Asterids
目: 繖形目 Apiales
科: 繖形科 Apiaceae
属: 当归属 Angelica
种:
当归 A. sinensis
二名法
Angelica sinensis
(Oliv.) Diels, 1900

当归学名Angelica sinensis),属繖形科的一种植物,別名:白蘄、乾歸、補血草、馬尾歸。一般作为药用。產季:秋末。

种加词sinensis”意为“中华的”。

形态

多年生草本植物,高0.4~1米。茎直立,有纵直槽纹,无毛。二或三回三出式羽状复叶,小叶卵形,浅裂或有缺刻。开白色花,复伞状花序,顶生。矩圆形双悬果,侧棱有宽翅,边缘为淡紫色。花期6~7月,果期7~8月。[1]

分布

在中国分布于甘肃云南四川青海陕西湖南湖北贵州等地,各地均有栽培,以甘肅岷縣出產的最佳[2],又称为“岷归”。当归的根可入药,是最常用的中药之一。

异名

当归一名首见于《本经》,又名薜、山蕲、白蕲(《尔雅》),文无(崔豹古今注》)。[1]

药用

當歸(A. sinensis)的種類有:岷縣當歸、川當歸、云南当归(云归)等,而此外,还有大和當歸A. acutiloba)、北海當歸(A. acutiloba北海道的栽培品种)、朝鲜当归A. gigas)、台灣當歸瑞典语Angelica taiwanianaA.taiwaniana)等也做为当归使用。在1963年第一版《中国药典》中,当归(Angelica sinensis)的干燥根被认为是中药当归的正品药材,而如朝鲜当归(A. gigas)或是日本当归A. acutiloba)等地区习用、代用品则被认为是混、伪品[3][4][5],2020版《中国药典》同。

当归的根可入药。一般需培育3年才可采收。药材为干燥的根,可分为3部:根头称“归头”,主根为“归身”,支根及根梢为“归尾”。岷县当归、东当归粉绿当归欧当归在部分地区也作当归入药。[1]

成分

根部含挥發油,挥發油的主要成分有亚丁基苯酞邻羧基苯正戊酮二氢酞酐以及维生素B12蔗糖维生素A棕榈酸硬脂酸肉豆蔻酸不饱和油酸亚油酸β-谷甾醇等。[1]

炮制方法

当归的炮制方法是除去杂质,洗净,润透,切薄片,晒干或低温干燥。

當歸酒的炮制方法是取净当归片,照酒炙法炒干。为类圆形或不规则薄片,切面有浅棕色环纹,质柔韧,深黄色,略有焦斑。味甘、微苦,香气浓厚,有酒香气。

性味归经

甘、辛,温。归肝、心、脾经。

功能与主治

补血活血,调经止痛,润肠通便。

用于血虚萎黄、眩晕心悸、月经不调、经闭痛经、虚寒腹痛、肠燥便秘、风湿痹痛、跌扑损伤、痈疽疮疡。酒当归活血通经,用于经闭痛经、风湿痹痛、跌扑损伤。

应用于方剂四物汤补中益气汤当归芍药散当归苦参丸当归补血汤当归六黄汤等。

可作為溫和的鎮靜劑、緩瀉劑、利尿劑、抗痙攣劑和減輕疼痛、改善血液、強化生殖系統,幫助身體利用賀爾蒙。用來治療婦女疾病,如:熱潮紅和其他更年期的症狀、經前症候群及陰道乾燥。 調經止痛:當歸可補血和血、調經止痛、潤燥滑腸。 心血管保健:現代藥理研究指出,當歸可抗肝昏迷、解痙、增強身體免疫功能,具有擴張冠狀動脈、增加血流量、營養心肌、擴張周邊血管、降低動脈血壓的綜合效果。 促進血液循環:當歸中含有維生素B12,可強化血管,促進荷爾蒙產生;葉酸可協助DNA與蛋白質合成;鐵質為血紅素與肌紅素的重要成分,可預防貧血。以上3種成分皆可增進紅血球生成、強化血液循環。

毒副作用

神农本草经》等中医学典籍把当归列为无毒的上品药。当归含有雌激素活性成分,体外实验表明,当归能显著地刺激乳腺癌细胞的增殖,因此乳腺癌患者应避免用当归“进补”。有报道称存在当归使男子乳房肥大,以及会使哺乳期妇女服用当归后母子均出现高血压的案例。当归能与抗凝血剂发生反应,增加出血的风险。[6] 以現代藥理來說,當歸的補血作用主要源自於當歸多糖,而活血則是受益於當歸含有揮發油和阿魏酸,簡單來說,中醫所謂活血化瘀,其實與抑制血小板聚集有密切關係。因為當歸具有抑制血小板的功用,因此無論你是使用中藥行的乾燥當歸,或自己購買新鮮當歸禁忌都要小心,當歸可能與西藥衝突,若本身有心血管疾病,日常使用抗凝血藥物如阿斯匹靈(Aspirin)、可邁丁(Warfarin)或肝素(Heparin)等等,萬一與當歸混用,可能會增加出血風險,所以若本身有服用藥物,或對藥物過敏,要使用任何中藥或西藥前,都請先諮詢醫師。[7]

历史典故

  • 太史当归:曹操曾修书一封给太史慈,内中并无一字,只有一味中药,名为“当归”,告诉太史慈應當歸來。动之以情,曹操求贤之心溢然于上。

由來傳說

[8]話說「當歸」的由來,民間有很多則傳說,其中有則很感人的故事,相傳在很久以前,有對十分恩愛的夫妻,過著快樂幸福的日子,但妻子不幸罹患重病,多年來各處求醫均無效,丈夫發誓要治好妻子的病,便親自到人跡罕至的深山裏採藥,臨行對妻子說,若經過三年未返,一定是死於他鄉,你便可以改嫁他人。時光飛逝,三年匆匆流過,丈夫果然未回家,妻子因生活所迫,只得改嫁他人。但世事難料,改嫁不久,前夫竟採得藥草歸來,妻子深覺愧對前夫,便服下前夫送來的草藥,意欲自盡謝罪,結果反而把病治好。後來,人們就把該草藥,取名為「當歸」。李時珍在《本草綱目》中,寫道:「當歸本非芹類,特以花葉似芹故得芹名,古人娶妻為嗣續也,當歸調血為女人要藥,有思夫之意,故有當歸之名」。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 江苏新医学院. 中药大辞典. 上海科学技术出版社. 1986.5. ISBN 7-5323-0842-1
  2. ^ 神農百草遊,2017-01-08
  3. ^ 刘文成; 张孟民. 当归. 北京: 科学普及出版社. 1986: 5. 
  4. ^ 林余霖; 李葆莉,魏建和. 中草药真伪鉴别原色图谱 2. 北京: 华龄出版社. 2020: 302. ISBN 9787516914991. 
  5. ^ 吴国泰. 当归质量研究. 中国科学技术出版社. 2018-07-01: 47–48. ISBN 9787504680617. 
  6. ^ 常用中成药的真相——当归养血丸页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆方舟子新语丝,2008-12-27
  7. ^ 當歸功效補血又調經,醫生卻爆:2類人吃了會大出血!页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),健康010。
  8. ^ 拉麗安娜. 生態村~3 當歸草. 大時母的部落格. [2015-03-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-20). 

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·當歸部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成
维基文库中的相关文本:植物名實圖考·當歸》,出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》

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