并立制

并立制(英語:parallel voting, superposition)又稱混合名額多數制補充制supplementary member system, SUP, SM),是单一选区两票制选举制度的一种,更接近于单一选区制。从选区选出的席位与政党按得票比例得到的席位分开计算。这种制度有利于大党,不利小党和无党籍人士;如果主要政黨長期以來實力相差不大,可以強化責任政治。[1]

席次分配

单一选区选出的部分,以在各选区得最高票的候选人当选,对大党有利。比例代表部分,各政党依得票比率分配议席。日本採用此选举方法, 不同德國聯立制,是將每個單一選區的選舉結果和第二張票投政黨的結果分開計算。

假設某一次選舉會產生100名議員,其中60名為單一選區,另40名為比例代表席次。兩制結果會不同:

并立制 政黨A 政黨B 政黨C 政黨D
政黨票數比例 25% 5% 40% 30%
單一選區當選席次 15 6 19 20
分配席次計算
比例代表席次 40 × 25%=10 40 × 5%=2 40 × 40%=16 40 × 30%=12
總計
單一選區當選席次 15 6 19 20
比例代表席次 10 2 16 12
總席次 25 8 35 32

并立制下,政黨B以5%的政黨選票獲得8%的席次。

採用國家

範例

  •  日本於1996年起,在國會選舉採取並立制,在這個選舉制度下,參議院眾議院均是直選產生。眾議院:六成議席由單一選區選出(参议院为複數選區),四成議席由分成十一個選區由比例代表制產生。容許雙重提名(dual candidacy,或稱「重複登記(提名)」)設定(參議院不能雙重提名),即候選人同時參選單一選區及名列政黨比例代表名單,一旦在單一選區獲勝,就從名單中剔除、順位遞補;若落選可依政黨得票分配席次「敗部復活」(未達10%落選者不得參與)。其公式以該單一選區落選者得票數除以該單一選區當選者得票數。政黨可將不同單一選區候選人在名單中排同一優先順位,以單一選區落選但惜敗率高者取得席次。盡管出現總席次的變動但還是維持基本的制度原則。
  •  義大利在2018年時的議會兩院有各37%的席位將由領先者當選(first-past-the-post)的機制產生,剩下63%的席位則採用比例代表制選出、加上最大餘額法分配(proportional largest remainder method),不過只有得票率超過3%的政黨、或是得票率超過10%的政黨聯盟可以參與席位分配。

其他地區

國家/地區 單一選區席次 比例代表席次 其他席次
 安道尔 14 14
 格鲁吉亚 77 73
 几内亚 39 76
 匈牙利 106 93
 義大利 116(參議院)
232(眾議院)
199(參議院;本土193席,海外6席)
398(眾議院;本土386席,海外12席)
 日本 289(眾議院) 176(眾議院)
 大韓民國韓國 253 47
 立陶宛 71 70
 墨西哥 300 200
 尼泊尔 165 110
 俄羅斯 225 225[3][4]
 塞内加尔 105 60
 塞舌尔 25 8
 巴基斯坦 272 70(婦女 60席+少數族裔 10席)
 菲律賓 238 59
 中華民國 73 34(婦女不少於1/2) 原住民6席
 坦桑尼亚[5] 264 120(婦女113席+間接選舉5席+檢察總長1席+總統任命10席)
 烏克蘭 225 225
 委內瑞拉[6] 144 130 原住民3席
 伏伊伏丁那 塞爾維亞[來源請求]

相關條目

註釋

  1. ^ Hague, Rod, author. Political science : a comparative introduction. 14 October 2017: 128–130. ISBN 978-1-137-60123-0. OCLC 961119208. 
  2. ^ Reynolds et al (2008), Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electcoral Assistance, pg. 104
  3. ^ Putin Orders New System for Russian Parliamentary Elections - NYTimes.com. 2013-01-03 [2014-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-10). 
  4. ^ 1993至2003年俄罗斯国家杜马选举期间,及2016年俄罗斯国家杜马选举起。
  5. ^ Art. 66, Constitution of Tanzania. Constitute Project. [2019-05-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-13). 
  6. ^ 113 diputados serán electos por voto nominal y 51 por voto lista en parlamentarias. Agencia Venezolana de Noticias. 2015-05-07 [2019-03-29]. (原始内容存档于22 October 2015). 

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