布干达

布干达
Buganda
构成国君主立宪自治区
布干达 Buganda旗幟
旗幟
颂歌:Ekitiibwa kya Buganda
布干达王国在乌干达共和国的位置(红色)
布干达王国在乌干达共和国的位置(红色)
坐标:0°20′N 32°25′E / 0.33°N 32.42°E / 0.33; 32.42
主权国家 乌干达
首府蒙戈英语Mengo, Uganda
政府
 • 卡巴卡(国王)姆温加·穆特贝二世
 • Katikkiro
(首席部长)
Charles Mayiga
面积
 • 总计61,403.2 平方公里(23,707.9 平方英里)
海拔1,200 公尺(3,900 英尺)
人口(2002 年计)
 • 總計6,575,425人
 • 估计(2011)8,465,400
 • 密度107人/平方公里(277人/平方英里)
时区东非时间UTC+3

布干达(Buganda),是非洲大湖地区的一个古老王国,位于乌干达境内,南临维多利亚湖,北抵基奥加湖,主体民族为干达人,国名意为“干达人的国家”,国王称卡巴卡,首都蒙戈英语Mengo, Uganda。乌干达首都坎帕拉亦在此王國範圍。

建立与发展

据传说,布干达建国于14世纪末,由一位南迁的布尼奥罗王室成员金图英语Kato Kintu(Kintu)创立,在此之后很长的一段时间内,布干达是布尼奥罗南方的附属国,但也常常同布尼奥罗发生冲突,并不断蚕食布尼奥罗南部的势力范围。18世纪末,布尼奥罗逐渐衰落,布干达遂迅速崛起,到穆特萨一世在位时(19世纪下半叶),布干达的势力达到顶峰,不但控制了西到艾伯特湖、南到卡格腊河的广大区域,连附近的强国托罗布索加安科累,甚至原本的母国布尼奥罗也受到其军事威胁,布干达成为了大湖地区最大的强国。19世纪末时,布干达已经建立了完备的军事和行政管理制度,拥有一支6000人的常备军和300艘船组成的维多利亚湖水军。全国划分为十个“萨扎”,由国王任命“巴萨扎”进行管理。

宗教战争

穆特萨在位期间,伊斯兰教基督新教天主教先后传入布干达,分别代表着阿拉伯人英国法国的利益。穆特萨倾向于接受伊斯兰教,并于1870年代宣布伊斯兰教为国教。但是当穆特萨去世后,其子姆旺加一世决意清除外国影响,逐步清洗三教教徒。1888年,他计划重新恢复原始宗教卢巴雷教为国教。于是三教联合起来将姆旺加一世驱赶出首都,改立基威瓦为王。不久,伊斯兰教徒在布尼奥罗的支持下发动政变,将天主教徒和基督新教徒赶出权力中心。天主教徒和基督新教徒遂与姆旺加一世和好,反攻伊斯兰教徒成功,将其驱逐到布尼奥罗。

殖民时代

1890年12月,弗雷德里克·卢加德率领英国东非公司军队抵达布干达,迅速控制了局势,扶植基督教徒掌握了布干达的权力。1894年,英国政府接管布干达,将其变为英国的保护国,改名为“乌干达”(布干达的斯瓦希里语变音)。此后,英国以布干达为基地,征服了四周的多个王国,将其均并入乌干达。1900年,英国与布干达签订条约,明确其地位相当于乌干达保护国的一个省。

1953年,英国计划将乌干达、肯尼亚坦噶尼喀合并成东非联邦。由于担心布干达的传统会被迫向肯尼亚的白人殖民者的利益屈服,布干达国王穆特萨二世开始反抗英国人的意志,这导致他被软禁在伦敦不得归国。以此为标志,布干达人民立刻掀起了反对风潮,最终迫使英国人在两年后释放了穆特萨二世。此后,就布干达国王在政治生活中的地位问题,乌干达国内出现了不同的意见,各派逐渐组织成为不同的政党。

独立与灭亡

经过不断的磋商和相互妥协,乌干达最终于1962年10月9日宣布独立,新的国家采取联邦制,布干达王国作为联邦的一个成员加入,同时,穆特萨二世作为卡巴卡耶卡党党首成为乌干达的总统。1964年,乌干达人民大会党党首、乌干达总理米尔顿·奥博特在军队领导人伊迪·阿明的支持下独揽大权,穆特萨二世被迫流亡国外。1966年,乌干达军队占领布干达王宫,次年宣布废除布干达王国。

重新成立

1986年,约韦里·穆塞韦尼执政后,为争取干达人的支持,宣布将布干达王宫发还给布干达王室,并允许王室回国进行活动。1993年,布干达王国在形式上得以恢复,实行君主立宪制,仍保留在乌干达内,现任国王为姆温加·穆特贝二世

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参考资料

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