賀伯特隨後看到了將他的山達基運動合法地承認為宗教的優點。在1953年4月致其美國業務經理海倫·奧布萊恩的一封信中,他提議將山達基教轉變為一種宗教:「我們不需要診所。我們想要一個正在運營的診所,但不要在名義上是……。這是一個實際的商業問題,我等待你從宗教角度的回應」。賀伯特最終於1953年12月在美國紐澤西先後成立了三個組織推廣山達基運動——美國科學教會(Church of American Science)、 山達基教會、靈魂工程教會(Church of Spiritual Engineering)[47][48]。
1959年,賀伯特在英國薩西克斯東格林斯地購置了聖崗莊園(Saint Hill Manor),這裡隨之成為山達基教會的全球總部和他的私人住所。因爲受到越來越多的批評,他決定采取强硬手段做出回應[49]。1966年,教會組織成立了守護者辦公室,該部門致力於削弱並摧毀那些敵視山達基的人[50]。美國聯邦調查局發現了美國史上最大的滲透事件——白雪公主行動,教會的特務人員侵入政府國稅局等機構並盜走數萬份文件[51]。1977年7月,美國聯邦調查局突襲了華盛頓特區和洛杉磯的教會,揭露了教會對政府部門和其他公共機構的滲透,抓獲了多達五千名秘密特工,並將11名高層人員定罪入獄。教會罪行的公開披露引發了大衆對教會更加廣泛的譴責[52]。
作爲創始人和魅力型权威,L·羅恩·賀伯特處於整套信仰體系的核心;而他的書籍則是山達基教義和實踐的來源[58]。賀伯特其生撰寫了數百本書[59],山達基人實際上將其著作當作信仰用的典籍[60],而且其著作及理論被認為是完美的,不允許任何人進一步闡述或修改[61]。宗教社會學家大衛·布羅姆利(David G. Bromley)認爲山達基是賀伯特“本人對哲學、物理學和心理學的綜合”[62]。賀伯特則聲稱他的想法是透過研究和實驗發展來的,而不是透過超自然來源的啟示[63]。賀伯特本人認為山達基是「一門應用宗教哲學,提供一個清楚而鮮明的深入理解,幫助你發揮心靈的潛能」[64]。根據他的說法,它是由形上學說、心理學理論和道德教義組成[65]。賀伯特在山達基教的聽析和課程中融入了各種催眠技術[66],但同時在教義中完全否定催眠術與心理學[67],這是他在信徒中建立依賴和服從的方法[68]。
山達基對批評者進行私人調查、人格誹謗和法律訴訟。根據創始人羅恩·賀伯特的倡導,在與批評者打交道時,他的信徒應該「時刻發現或製造足夠的威脅,使他們求和。永遠不要防守。永遠進攻」。他敦促使用「黑色宣傳」來「破壞個人、公司或國家的聲譽或公眾信仰」[158]。這一套應對政策稱爲「公平遊戲法」(Fair Game Law)。
基於這一立場,山達基教會擅長使用訴訟和謊言來騷擾和攻擊批評者,意圖用黑社會性質的手段恐嚇批評者並製造「寒蟬效應」[159]。
1959年,西薩塞克斯郡东格林斯特德的聖崗莊園(Saint Hill Manor)成爲該教的全球總部。1968年,英國政府開始禁止外籍山達基信徒入境和拜訪總部。山達基威脅要起訴英國政府,政府官員發岀緊急秘密請求,要求英國駐洛杉磯領事館調查賀伯特,外交官員發現,他收購了一所「文憑工廠」大學之後,立刻互相授予假的博士學位[200]。1969年,高等法院駁回山達基申請,在法律上拒絕為他們的宗教成立一個認可的教堂[201][202]。1970年英國上訴法庭拒絕薩西克斯教堂成為宗教敬拜之地的申請[203]。1999年,英國慈善委員會駁回山達基申請,拒絕其成為慈善機構。委員們認為,山達基的核心活動——聽析和培訓——所提供的好處是私人性質。[204]2000年,稅務海關總署承認山達基為非營利組織,可以免稅。[205]2013年12月11日,英國最高法院宣布倫敦山達基教會之教堂,被視為英國法律下的宗教敬拜之地,一位政府大臣表示擔心,這項決定可能會影響山達基教未來在英國的法律地位[206][207]。
^Carobene, Germana. Problems on the legal status of the Church of Scientology. Stato, Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale (Milan: University of Milan). June 16, 2014, 2014 (21) [March 10, 2020]. doi:10.13130/1971-8543/4109. In this sense the long process of Milan is of great importance, which, after six pronunciations was concluded in 2000 and legally recognized Scientology as a religion in Italy. The case was based on the complaint of a series of criminal offenses against some members of the church: conspiracy, fraud, extortion. After some contradictory rulings, the Milan judges became aware of the need to define the religiosity of the movement, i.e. it is to be considered a religion if all the alleged activities can qualify as normal religious practices
^Upward, Allen. The New Word : An open letter addressed to the Swedish academy in Stockholm on the meaning of the word idealist. Kennerley. 1914: 139,149 [1907]. OL 14030703M.
^Nordenholz, Anastasius. Scientologie, Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens [Scientology: Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge]. 1934. OCLC 249980578(德语).
^Kent 1996,第30–32頁,While researchers must not minimise financial motives for Hubbard's decision to present Scientology as a religion in the early 1950s, they must also not neglect the fact that occasionally Hubbard's followers across the United States were being arrested for practicing medicine without licenses...Hubbard proclaimed in 1950 that, with the proper application of the techniques he outlined, "arthritis vanishes, myopia gets better, heart illness decreases, asthma disappears, stomachs function properly, and the whole catalogue of ills goes away and stays away". Because of claims such as these (to which Scientology still adheres), the New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners accused the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation, Inc. of "operating a school for the treatment of disease without a license" in January, 1951, which contributed to the organisation's departure from Elizabeth, New Jersey, in April—prior to its pending trial in May...in late 1953 or early 1954, a Glendale, California, Dianeticist or Scientologist apparently spent ten days in jail for "practicising medicine without a license". Reacting to an emerging pattern of arrests, Hubbard (in December, 1953) incorporated three religious organisations in New Jersey: the Church of American Science, The Church of Scientology, and The Church of Spiritual Engineering. sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKent1996 (幫助)
^Larson, Bob. Larson's Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality revised. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. 2004. ISBN 9780842364171.使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
^Dericquebourg, Regis. Acta Comparanda. Affinities between Scientology and Theosophy. International Conference – Scientology in a scholarly perspective 24–25th January 2014. Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp, Faculty for Comparative Study of Religions and Humanism. 2014. (原始内容存档于February 16, 2017) (英语及法语).
^Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi: Scientology: Religion or racket? In: Marburg Journal of Religion 8 (1) (2003), S. 1–56, S. 29–31 (uni-marburg.de (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); PDF; 365 kB).
^James T. Richardson, Massimo Introvigne, “Brainwashing” Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on “Cults” and “Sects”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40 (2): pp. 143–168, S. 158 (德文)
^"Woman says her sister was 'changed' by Scientology," The Irish Times, January 30, 2003
^Scientology Presents Narconon Program(PDF). Westlake Post. 30 April 1970 [2017-03-05]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2016-03-04). "The conference presented current programs effective in alleviating drug problems. No program which employs drug or electric shock therapy was presented, as it has been discovered that groups which condone these techniques have only been pretending to be effective in drug rehabilitation", said Max Prudente, Scientology spokesman. ... "Based solely on the philosophy and tenets of Scientology, the applied religious philosophy, this program has achieved new and dramatic breakthroughs in the field of drug rehabilitation. Its nearly 85% success ratio has earned high praise from Governors, state and federal officials and correction authorities across the U.S., " Prudente said.
^The Four Basic Social Programs. The Hawaiian-American. 17 December 1975 [6 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-05). We talked with Rev. Diana Harris, Pastor of the Church of Scientology of Hawaii ... and she gave us a complete background on the church's social programs for those in need in our community. ... Another community program the church offers is Narconon - a program designed to assist persons to get off drugs and to keep off drugs. The program was utilized in Oahu State Prison for a while and enjoyed a very high rate of success, according to Pastor Harris. They [Scientology] have been asked to consider re-introducing the program to the prison at a later date.
^NARCONON to give awards. The Phoenix Gazette. 19 May 1970 [6 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-05). General information regarding the technology of Scientology, upon which NARCONON is based, can be secured from the Institute of Applied Philosophy
^Farley, Robert. Detox center seeks acceptance. St Petersburg Times. 30 March 2003. When Narconon opened its Chilocco facility in 1991, the Oklahoma Board of Mental Health issued a blistering assessment in denying its application for certification. "There is no credible evidence establishing the effectiveness of the Narconon program to its patients," the board concluded. It attacked the program as medically unsafe; dismissed the sauna program as unproven; and criticized Narconon for inappropriately taking some patients off prescribed psychiatric medication.
^Kyle Smith. DON'T BE TRICKED BY $CI-FI TOM-FOOLERY. New York Post. 20 April 2007 [20 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-22). Those who want a tan from his celebrity glow will urge a fair hearing for his quackery. Obscure City Councilman Hiram Monserrate suddenly finds himself talked about after issuing a proclamation of huzzahs for L. Ron Hubbard. Three: The Ground Zero maladies are so baffling that workers will try anything. Anyone who feels better will credit any placebo at hand - whether Cruise or the Easter Bunny. In 1991, Time called Scientology's anti-drug program "Narconon" a "vehicle for drawing addicts into the cult" - which the magazine said "invented hundreds of goods and services for which members are urged to give up 'donations' " - such as $1,250 for advice on "moving swiftly up the Bridge" of enlightenment. That's New Age techno-gobbledygook for advice on buying swiftly up the Bridge of Brooklyn. Scientology fronts such as the New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project - its Web site immediately recognizable as the work of Hubbardites by its logo, which looks like the cover of a Robert Heinlein paperback from 1971 - hint that their gimmicks might possibly interest anyone dreaming of weight loss, higher I.Q. or freedom from addiction. And you might be extra-specially interested if you've faced heart disease, cancer, Agent Orange or Chernobyl. As Mayor Bloomberg put it, Scientology "is not science." Nope. It's science fiction.
^Robert W. Welkos; Joel Sappell. Church Seeks Influence in Schools, Business, Science. Los Angeles Times. 27 June 1990 [13 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-23). A fourth article did not mention Hubbard by name, but reported favorably on Narconon, his drug and alcohol rehabilitation program, which is run by Scientologists.
^30 arrested in Paris crackdown on Scientologists. Agence France-Presse. 14 January 1992 [20 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-11-17). About 30 Scientologists were arrested -- and 19 of them later indicted -- between May and October 1990 on charges of fraud, conspiracy to defraud and the illegal practice of medicine following the 1988 suicide of a church member in Lyon, eastern France. ... The sect has often found itself in trouble with officialdom the world over, accused of defrauding and brainwashing followers and, in France, of quackery at its illegal anti-drug clinics called "Narconon."
^Abgrall, Jean-Marie. Healing Or Stealing?: Medical Charlatans in the New Age(PDF). 2001: 193 [24 September 2012]. ISBN 1-892941-51-1. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2020-09-09). Narconon, a subsidiary of Scientology, and the association “Yes to Life, No to Drugs” have also made a specialty of the fight against drugs and treating drug addicts. ... Drug addicts are just one of the Scientologists’ targets for recruitment. The offer of care and healing through techniques derived from dianetics is only a come-on. The detoxification of the patient by means of “dianetics purification” is more a matter of manipulation, through the general weakening that it causes; it is a way of brainwashing the subject. Frequently convicted for illegal practice of medicine, violence, fraud and slander, the Scientologists have more and more trouble getting people to accept their techniques as effective health measures, as they like to claim. They recommend their purification processes to eliminate X-rays and nuclear radiation, and to treat goiter and warts, hypertension and psoriasis, hemorrhoids and myopia. . . why would anyone find that hard to swallow? Scientology has built a library of several hundreds of volumes of writings exalting the effects of purification, and its disciples spew propaganda based on irresponsible medical writings by doctors who are more interested in the support provided by Scientology than in their patients’ well-being. On the other hand, responsible scientific reviews have long since “eliminated” dianetics and purification from the lists of therapies — relegating them to the great bazaar of medical fraud. ... Medical charlatans do not base their claims on scientific proof but, quite to the contrary, on peremptory assertions — the kind of assertions that they challenge when they come out of the mouths of those who defend “real” medicine.
^Asimov, Nanette. Church's drug program flunks S.F. test / Panel of experts finds Scientology's Narconon lectures outdated, inaccurate. San Francisco Chronicle. 2 October 2004 [2017-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-22). The program, Narconon Drug Prevention & Education, "often exemplifies the outdated, non-evidence-based and sometimes factually inaccurate approach, which has not served students well for decades," concluded Steve Heilig, director of health and education for the San Francisco Medical Society. In his letter to Trish Bascom, director of health programs for the San Francisco Unified School District, Heilig said five independent experts in the field of drug abuse had helped him evaluate Narconon's curriculum. ... "One of our reviewers opined that 'this (curriculum) reads like a high school science paper pieced together from the Internet, and not very well at that,' " Heilig wrote Bascom. "Another wrote that 'my comments will be brief, as this proposal hardly merits detailed analysis.' Another stated, 'As a parent, I would not want my child to participate in this kind of 'education.' " Heilig's team evaluated Narconon against a recent study by Rodney Skager, a professor emeritus at UCLA's Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, describing what good anti-drug programs should offer students.
^Breckenridge, Memorandum of Intended Decision in Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald Armstrong, Superior Court, Los Angeles County, case no. C420153. quoted in Atack 1990,第332頁 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFAtack1990 (幫助)
^Lattin, Don. Leaving the Fold – Third-generation Scientologist grows disillusioned with faith. San Francisco Chronicle (The Chronicle Publishing Co.). February 12, 2001: A1.
^Pressley, Karen Schless. Escaping Scientology: An Insider's True Story. Bayshore Publications. 2017: 222. ISBN 978-0-9990881-0-4.
^Perrault, Michael. Suit alleges wing of Church of Scientology violated labor laws. The Press-Enterprise (The Press-Enterprise Co.). March 26, 2009: C01.
^Russell, Ron. Scientology's Revenge – For years, the Cult Awareness Network was the Church of Scientology's biggest enemy. But the late L. Ron Hubbard's L.A.-based religion cured that–by taking it over. New Times LA. September 9, 1999.
^Urban, Hugh B.: The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion
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^Steve Bruce: Cathedrals to cults: the evolving forms of the religious life. In: Paul Heelas (Hrsg.): Religion, Modernity, and Postmodernity, Blackwell, Oxford 1998, pp. 19-35, 23.
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^George D. Chryssides: The Church of Scientology. S. 385–387 in: J. Gordon Melton & Christopher Partridge (Hrsg.): New Religions – A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects, and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford University Press, New York 2004, ISBN 0-19-522042-0, S. 385.
^Mccall, W. Vaughn. Psychiatry and Psychology in the Writings of L. Ron Hubbard. Journal of Religion and Health. 2007, 46 (3): 437–47. S2CID 10629230. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9079-9.
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