尼古拉·涅日丹诺夫

尼古拉·尼基福罗维奇·涅日丹诺夫
Николай Никифорович Нежданов
涅日丹诺夫来到中国前的戎装照
出生1913年
 俄罗斯帝国伊尔比特
逝世1937年11月22日(1937歲—11—22)（23—24歲）
 中國南京市第一區中央陆军军官学校
国籍
效命 苏联
蘇聯共产党 苏联共产党
军种 蘇聯空軍
军衔中尉
部队苏联援华飞行队
参与战争南京保卫战前哨空战
获得勋章红旗勋章

尼古拉·尼基福罗维奇·涅日丹诺夫中尉（俄语：Николай Никифорович Нежданов，1913年—1937年11月22日），父名有时音译为尼基弗洛维奇，是一位苏联航空兵，在中国抗日战争期间加入苏联援华飞行队，到南京参与对日空战，期间被三架日本战斗机击落，为飞行队首位阵亡者。涅日丹诺夫获列入中华人民共和国著名抗日英烈和英雄群体名录。

生平

涅日丹诺夫在1913年生于俄罗斯城市伊尔比特（当时隶属彼尔姆省伊尔比茨克区（英语：Irbitsky District）），母亲名为芭拉斯科维娅·戈尔杰耶夫娜·涅日丹诺娃[1][2]。根据涅日丹诺夫生前的家庭照片，他是家中独子[3]。1937年8月21日，为了支援中国抗日战争，苏联政府与中国签订《中苏互不侵犯条约》，为中国提供经济和军事援助，并派出苏联援华飞行队，不过名义上保持中立[4]。涅日丹诺夫参加了航空飞行队，担任歼击航空兵，并在1937年10月随部队前往中国西北地区，准备对日作战[3][4]。

1937年11月22日，苏联援华飞行队在南京市上空与侵华日军展开空战，成功击落一架日军战斗机、击毙一名日军航空兵[1]。这场空战既是作为南京保卫战前哨战，也是航空飞行队在中国参与的第一场战事[3]。当天，涅日丹诺夫驾驶的新式苏制战斗机被三架日本战斗机攻击，最终遭到击落，在玄武区中央陆军军官学校校园内坠毁[1]。他随之身亡，为苏联援华飞行队第一位阵亡者，终年24岁，当时军衔为中尉[4][5]。

纪念及荣誉

涅日丹诺夫战死沙场的消息到翌年（1938年）才传回家乡，当时他母亲仍然在世，得知儿子死讯后悲痛欲绝，后来在斯维尔德洛夫斯克（现称叶卡捷琳堡）普希金大街（俄语：Улица Пушкина (Екатеринбург)）度过余生[1]。

涅日丹诺夫阵亡后获得苏联最高苏维埃的表彰，并在1938年获苏联国防部追授红旗勋章[3][6]。不过，中国大陆学术界从来不知道苏联与日本在1937年11月22日南京上空爆发过空战，所以一直没有人知道涅日丹诺夫的事迹[5]。直至2015年，南京地方志办公室的学者终于发现这场战事的存在，并且发现这是苏联援华飞行队首次参战，由此衍生的档案研究才令涅日丹诺夫这名字为人所知[5]。此后，涅日丹诺夫的名字被刻在南京抗日航空烈士纪念馆的纪念碑上[3]。涅日丹诺夫也在中华人民共和国民政部2015年8月公布的第二批著名抗日英烈和英雄群体名录榜上有名[7]。

伊尔比特人文历史博物馆（俄语：Ирбитский историко-этнографический музей）收藏了一批关于涅日丹诺夫生平事迹的文献档案，馆方在2015年6月把这批档案捐赠予南京抗日航空烈士纪念馆[3]。

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 成岗. 中俄万里寻访“苏联航空援华”首战烈士. 江南时报. : 2 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 
  2. ^ 首位苏联援华航空烈士涅日丹诺夫珍贵史料来宁. 新华日报. 2015-06-11 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 范杰逊. 唐云云 , 编. 苏联援华航空队首位烈士档案捐赠 牺牲时仅24岁. 南京晨报. 2015-06-11 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 苏联援华志愿航空队首战牺牲烈士涅日丹诺夫. 南京市政协. 2016-12-19 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 蒋芳. 高辰 , 编. 中国纪念苏联援华抗日阵亡首位烈士 战史被改写. 新华网. 2015-05-08 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 
  6. ^ Советский летчик Н. Нежданов занесен в краеведческий документ о героях, павших в Нанкине в период антияпонской войны. Агентству Синьхуа При. 2015-11-24 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 
  7. ^ 兴乐 (编). 民政部公布第二批600名著名抗日英烈名录. 江南时报. 2015-08-26 [2018-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-25）. 

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