尚彭語

尚彭语
Shom Peng
区域大尼科巴岛
族群尚彭人
母语使用人数
400 (2004)[1]
語系
可能是孤立语言,传统分类下是南亚语系
方言
Kalay (西)
Keyet (东)
語言代碼
ISO 639-3sii
Glottologshom1245[2]
ELPShom Peng
坐标:7°01′N 93°49′E / 7.02°N 93.81°E / 7.02; 93.81
本条目包含国际音标符号。部分操作系统浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正確显示,否则可能显示为乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。

尚彭语[3](Shompen、Shom Peng)是一种或一群语言,分布在印度安达曼-尼科巴群岛中央直辖区大尼科巴岛,在印度洋中,印度尼西亚苏门答腊的西北。 部分是因为安达曼和尼科巴群岛的原住民与研究者隔绝,尚彭语的描述非常稀缺,最丰富的材料来自19世纪,最近30年也有些质量低下的新材料。尚彭语似乎与其他南尼科巴语有亲缘关系,但Glottolog将其划为孤立语言。

使用者

尚彭人是生活在大尼科巴生态保护区腹地的狩猎采集部落。人口约有400,但人口普查从未进行过。 Parmanand Lal (1977)[4]:104列举了大尼科巴岛内陆下列尚彭人村落。

  • Dakade (Pulo-babi东北10km,大尼科巴岛西海岸一个尼科巴村庄;15人与4个小屋)
  • Puithey (Pulo-babi东南16km)
  • Tataiya (Dogmar河尚彭部落,1960年到1977年间从Tataiya迁到Pulo-kunyi)

数据

整个20世纪,唯一的可用数据只有De Roepstorff (1875)的一份词表、[5]Man (1886)的零散记录[6]:428–451和Man (1889)的比较数据。[7] 直到1995年新发布的70个词汇[8],这样的情况才有所改观。更多数据发表于2003年,也是迄今最丰富的材料。[9]然而,Blench和Sidwell (2011)注意到2003年的书至少有一部分是抄袭的,作者几乎不能理解材料,充满了异常与不一致。例如[a]被转写为短a,但schwa [ə]却被写成长ā,这和印度或其他地方的任何情况都不一样。它可能来自更早的一个或数个材料,甚至英属印度时代。[10] Van Driem (2008)发现几乎不可能对其进行研究。[11]:227–247Blench和Sidwell试图分析、对材料进行再转写,基于与马来语借词的比较和可识别的与其他南亚语的同源词分析,发现1995年和2003年发布的数据可能来自一种或两种关系很亲密的语言。

系属分类

虽然尚彭语一般都被归为南亚语系尼科巴语支,但是整个20世纪支持这么做的证据都少得可怜。Man (1886)注意到和其他尼科巴语“有任何相似性”的尚彭语词汇非常少,而且“在绝大多数例子中”,两支尚彭部落的词汇都彼此不同。例如,“后背”在不同的资料中有“gikau、tamnōi”和“hokōa”;“洗澡”是“pu(g)oihoɔp”和“hōhōm”;“头”是“koi”和“fiāu”。在部分情况下,这可能是借词和本土词的差别,如“koi”就是尼科巴语支借词,但这也说明尚彭语不是单独的一门语言。

不过,基于1997年的数据,van Driem (2008)分析出尚彭语属于尼科巴语支。[11]

Blench和Sidwell在2003年的数据中注释了很多尼科巴语支和嘉海语支的同源词,包括许多只在尼科巴语支或只在嘉海语支(有时还有塞迈语支)中发现的特征词汇。他们还注意到尚彭语和嘉海语支有着历时上的共同创新。以上种种证据说明尚彭语可能属于嘉海语支或至少属于亚斯里语支,或者可能是南南亚语族中,与亚斯里语支、尼科巴语支平行的第三个语支。[10] 但是,保罗·西德维尔 (2017)[12]还是将尚彭语划为南尼科巴语支语言,而不是南亚语系单独的一支。

音系

仍不清楚下列描述能否应用于所有尚彭语变体,是否已经穷尽其所有音素。

转写中复原出8个元音/i e ɛ a ə ɔ o u/,可能有鼻化元音和/或元音长度的对立。有数个复合元音和双元音。

唇音 齿龈音 硬颚音 软腭音 声门音
不送气 送气 不送气 送气 不送气 送气
塞音 清音 p t c k ʔ
浊音 b d ɟ g
擦音 清音 ɸ x h
浊音 ɣ
鼻音 m n ɲ ŋ
近音 l j w

大多数南亚语词根都以鼻音韵尾*m *n *ŋ结尾,尚彭语中则以浊塞音[b d ɡ]结尾,这很像亚斯里语支特别是嘉海语支,原来的鼻韵尾变成了前塞音,甚至完全是浊塞音。不同之处在于,嘉海语支鼻音与塞音合流,而尚彭语鼻音则似乎先丢失,只有后来重新获得的鼻音发生过这个变化。也有一些词保留了鼻音。不清楚尼科巴语借词能否解释所有例外。尚彭语可能在尼科巴语支语言的影响下经历过部分的词汇重组。

其他历时音变有韵尾*r和*l合流为[w],元音前的*r变为[j],音节尾*h和*s的丢失,以及南亚语长元音裂化为双元音。

词汇

尚彭语 南尼科巴语 原始尼科巴语
dai(d) tait *taɲ
4 fuat fôat *foan
孩子 köˑat kōˑan *kuːn
tūˑin paṅ-nōˑin *manuːɲ
kab âm *ʔam
tahap hatòm *hatəːm
雄性 akòit (otāˑha) *koːɲ
nâng nâng *naŋ
1 heng heg *hiaŋ
(kàu) wīˑang *ʔac
太阳 hok-ngīˑa hēg -

参考

  1. ^ 尚彭语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Shom Peng. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ 李毅夫、王恩庆. 《世界民族译名手册(英汉对照)》. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1982年: 421. 
  4. ^ Lal, Parmanand. 1977. Great Nicobar Island: study in human ecology. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India.
  5. ^ De Roëpstorff, 1875. Vocabulary of dialects spoken in the Nicobar and Andaman islands. 2nd ed. Calcutta.
  6. ^ EH Man, 1886. "A Brief Account of the Nicobar Islanders, with Special Reference to the Inland Tribe of Great Nicobar." The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 15
  7. ^ EH Man, 1889. A dictionary of the Central Nicobarese language. London: W.H. Allen.
  8. ^ Rathinasabapathy Elangaiyan et al., 1995. Shompen–Hindi Bilingual Primer Śompen Bhāratī 1. Port Blair and Mysore.
  9. ^ Subhash Chandra Chattopadhyay & Asok Kumar Mukhopadhyay, 2003. The Language of the Shompen of Great Nicobar: a preliminary appraisal. Kolkata: Anthropological Survey of India.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Roger Blench & Paul Sidwell, 2011. "Is Shom Pen a Distinct Branch?" In Sophana Srichampa and Paul Sidwell, eds. Austroasiatic Studies: Papers from ICAAL 4. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (ICAAL页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), ms页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 George van Driem, 2008. "The Shompen of Great Nicobar Island: New linguistic and genetic data, and the Austroasiatic homeland revisited." Mother Tongue, 13.
  12. ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2017. "Proto-Nicobarese Phonology, Morphology, Syntax: work in progress". International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics 7, Kiel, Sept 29-Oct 1, 2017.

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