奈奎斯特速率

图1:奈奎斯特频率和速率的典型示例。它们很少相等,因为这需要将采样率提高到带宽的2倍(即带宽的4倍)。

信号处理中,奈奎斯特速率(Nyquist rate,以哈里·奈奎斯特命名)等于某一函数或信号的最高频率(带宽)的两倍,即,是不发生混叠失真的最低采样率。其单位是单位时间的采样次数,通常为每秒采样次数(Sps)或赫兹(Hz)[1]。奈奎斯特速率对应的最大抽样间隔,称为奈奎斯特间隔。需要注意的是,“奈奎斯特速率”是连续时间信号的属性,而“奈奎斯特频率”是离散时间系统的属性。

“奈奎斯特速率”一词也用于不同的语境,以符号每秒为单位,表示带宽受限的基带信道(如电报线路)[2]通带信道(如受限的无线电频段或频分多路复用信道)中符号速率的上限。

与采样的关系

图2:带限函数的傅里叶变换

当以恒定采样率 sample/second对连续函数进行采样时,总会有无限多的其他连续函数可以符合这些采样点。但其中只有一个函数的带宽限制为Hz,也就是时它的傅里叶变换 为零。通常,用于从采样点重建连续函数的数学算法可以无限接近这一理论上的、但无限长的函数。因此,如果原始函数 的带限为(即奈奎斯特准则),插值算法将重建出唯一的该函数。

按照函数自身的带宽来表示(如图所示),奈奎斯特准则通常被表述为被称为带宽为 的函数的奈奎斯特速率。当不满足奈奎斯特准则时(例如)时,就会发生混叠失真。

图3:上方两幅图展示了两种不同函数的傅里叶变换,它们在特定采样率下生成相同的结果。低通函数的采样率高于其奈奎斯特速率,而带通函数被欠采样,实际效果是将其转换为基带。下方的图示展示了采样过程中混叠如何生成相同的频谱结果。

有意的混叠

图3描绘了一类被称为基带或低通的函数,其正频范围的主要能量集中在。如果函数的频率范围是,且,则称其为带通函数。在某些情况下,人们希望将带通函数转换为基带。这可以通过混频(外差英语Heterodyne)的方式,将带通函数下移到的频率范围内。这么做的一个常见原因是为了降低奈奎斯特速率,从而更高效地存储数据。

事实上,可以通过直接以低于奈奎斯特速率的方式对带通函数进行采样(称为欠采样)来实现类似的结果。具体而言,只需以一个最小的整数子倍频率对带通信号采样,这个频率满足的基带奈奎斯特准则即可。

参考资料

  1. ^ Oppenheim, Alan V.; Schafer, Ronald W.; Buck, John R. Discrete-time signal processing需要免费注册 2nd. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 1999: 140. ISBN 0-13-754920-2. T is the sampling period, and its reciprocal, fs=1/T, is the sampling frequency, in samples per second. 
  2. ^ Roger L. Freeman. Telecommunication System Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. 2004: 399. ISBN 0-471-45133-9. 

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