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多巴猪笼草
	多巴猪笼草的下位笼
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	多巴猪笼草 N. tobaica
二名法
	Nepenthes tobaica; Danser (1928)
異名
	Nepenthes tobaica; sensu Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) [=N. angasanensis/N. tobaica]; Nepenthes tobaica; sensu Danser (1940); [=N. angasanensis];

多巴猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes tobaica），又称东巴猪笼草^[1]，是苏门答腊特有的热带食虫植物。^[1]其因大量分布于多巴湖附近而得名。

多巴猪笼草与昂嘎桑猪笼草（N. angasanensis）、小猪笼草（N. gracilis）、迈克猪笼草（N. mikei）和两眼猪笼草（N. reinwardtiana）存在着密切的近缘关系。^[2]

植物学史

1856年2月8日，约翰内斯·伊莱亚斯·特斯曼采集到了第一份多巴猪笼草标本，其可能采集自巴塔克地区。该标本包含雌性花序，编号为“H. L. B. 908,155-1106”。^[3]

马修·杰布和马丁·奇克在他们1997年的专著《猪笼草属（猪笼草科）的框架性修订》中将上述标本指定为多巴猪笼草的选模标本。^[4]

1928年，荷兰植物学家B·H·丹瑟在其开创性的专著《荷属东印度群岛的猪笼草科植物》中正式描述^{[注 1]}了多巴猪笼草。^[3]在当时仅能从许多标本中认识到多巴猪笼草。^{[注 2]}所以B·H·丹瑟认为其可能与两眼猪笼草是同一个物种：^{[注 3]}^[3]

“

多巴猪笼草仅发现于多巴湖的北部、西部及南部高原。其与两眼猪笼草存在着最为密切的近缘关系，同时我不敢肯定其是否是该物种的一个变型，但到现在为止也没有发现中间型。

”

在科学文献中，多巴猪笼草曾多次的与昂嘎桑猪笼草相混淆。B·H·丹瑟在1940年对密花猪笼草（N. densiflora）的描述中所述的多巴猪笼草^[5]实为昂嘎桑猪笼草。^[2]在罗斯朱迪·塔明（Rusjdi Tamin）和堀田满1986年关于苏门答腊的猪笼草专著中被鉴定为多巴猪笼草的物种^[6]实际上混合了昂嘎桑猪笼草和多巴猪笼草。^[2]

在园艺贸易中许多以多巴猪笼草名称销售的植株很可能是印度猪笼草（N. khasiana）与葫芦猪笼草（N. ventricosa）的杂交种。^[7]

形态特征

多巴猪笼草为藤本植物。茎可攀爬至7米的高处，直径可达6毫米。节间距可长达25厘米，呈圆柱形。但成年植株的茎可因源于节点延伸至整个节间的凹槽而呈棱柱形。^[2]

多巴猪笼草的叶片无柄至具小叶柄，革质，呈长圆形至匙形，可长达20厘米，宽至4厘米。叶尖通常为圆形，但也可能缩窄或钝尖。茁壮植株的笼蔓与叶片的衔接处有时略呈盾形。叶片渐狭或骤缩至基部，包住茎周长的一半。中脉两侧各有1至3条纵脉，但仅于茁壮植株的标本上明显。羽状脉不明显。笼蔓可长达30厘米。^[2]

多巴猪笼草下位笼的下半部为卵形，上半部为圆柱形。其可高达20厘米，宽至4厘米。腹面具一对笼翼，其上半部或整体具翼须。下位笼卵形部分对应的内表面为腺体区。笼盖基部下方的捕虫笼内表面上偶尔会出现一对“眼点”。笼口为卵形，倾斜。唇较窄，仅可宽至5毫米，呈圆柱形或略展开，有明显的唇齿。笼盖为卵形至椭圆形，基部为心形。无附属物。笼盖基部的后方有一根可长达5毫米的笼蔓尾。其可能不分叉、二叉或三叉。^[2]

多巴猪笼草上位笼的最下部通常为漏斗形，下三分之一为窄卵形，上部为圆柱形或略缩窄。其体型较下位笼大，高可达25厘米，宽可至5厘米。^[2]内表面蜡质区极其发达。^[8]腹面的笼翼缩小为一对隆起。^[2]唇内缘部分约占截面表面总长度的40%。^[8]上位笼其余形态特征类似于下位笼。^[2]

多巴猪笼草的花序为总状花序。总花梗和花序轴都可长达20厘米。每一个花梗带两朵花，无苞片。雄性花序的萼片为椭圆形－钝尖，雌雄花序的萼片略窄。^[2]在不拉巴（Prapat）附近，4月可见到花序，但果实此时不常见。^[9]

多巴猪笼草植株各部分的毛被发达程度不均。大部分成熟的营养组织都无毛，仅中脉可能具持久性的毛被。叶腋通常存在星状的白色毛被。萼片披被着密集的绒毛，但花序其余部分仅披被着稀疏的短毛被。^[2]

某些变型笼盖的下表面为鲜红色，从而使其在周围的植被中显得特别的明显。^[9]

生态关系

多巴猪笼草是苏门答腊的特有种。其自然分布范围一度被认为北至亚齐省的加约地区（Gayo Lands），南至打鹿洞。20世纪末，在更靠南的地方发现了该物种新的分布地。其包括索克·麦拉皮山（Mount Sorik Merapi）及占碑省葛林芝湖附近的高海拔泥炭沼泽。^[2]查尔斯·克拉克根据实武牙附近低海拔原生地及潘丘卢保山的高海拔原生地得出其海拔分布范围为380至1800米。但依马修·杰布和马丁·奇克而言，多巴猪笼草可生长于海拔高达2750米的地区。^[4]^[10]

左：具暗紫色下位笼的多巴猪笼草岩生莲座状植株。中：多巴猪笼草通常生长于茂密的蕨类植物中。右：多巴猪笼草的莲座状植株。

多巴猪笼草多陆生于开阔的区域。^[2]其通常生长于森林边缘，一般与薄子木属（Leptospermum）和桃金娘属（Rhodomyrtus）植物同域分布。^[10]

多巴湖地区存在着大量的多巴猪笼草，^[11]在这“很难不看到它”。^[2]多巴猪笼草也生长于葛林芝湖附近高海拔的泥炭沼泽森林中，其海拔约1100米。在此，多巴猪笼草与苹果猪笼草、小猪笼草、奇异猪笼草（N. mirabilis）、两眼猪笼草和匙叶猪笼草（N. spathulata）混生。猪笼草的纯种和自然杂交种在该地区表现出高度的渐渗。该地区的植被主要由杜鹃花属（Rhododendron）和野牡丹属（Melastoma）植物，以及兰花与蕨类组成。其非常矮小、茂密，高度很少超过3米。与婆罗洲沙捞越巴廖附近的高地荒原森林有几分相似。^[2]

根据2000年的评估，多巴猪笼草已被列入《2006年世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》中，保护状况为无危。^[10]

尚未在苏门答腊以外发现多巴猪笼草。^[2]

底内生物

多巴猪笼草的捕虫笼中存在着多种底内生物。一种栖息于爪哇多巴猪笼草等猪笼草属植物捕虫笼中螨类已被描述为“Creutzeria tobaica”。^[12]^[13]

自然杂交种

已发现了多巴猪笼草与苹果猪笼草、两眼猪笼草、菱茎猪笼草、匙叶猪笼草和显目猪笼草（N. spectabilis）的自然杂交种。^[2]^[15]^[16]

注释

^ B·H·丹瑟专著中多巴猪笼草原拉丁文描述：^[3]

“

Folia mediocria sessilia, lamina lineari-lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 0-1, raro 2, basi lata semiamplexicauli ; ascidia rosularum ignota ; ascidia inferiora parte inferiore anguste ovata, medio angustata, os versus infundibuliformia, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuto, cylindrico, 1/2-1 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo rotundato-elliptico, facie inferiore plano ; ascidia superiora parva, e basi infundibuliformi parte inferiore paulum ventricosa, medio leviter angustata, os versus paulum infundibuliformia, costis 2 prominentibus, peristomio operculum versus acuto, cylindrico, 1/2-1 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo orbiculari v. rotundato-elliptico facie interiore plana ; inflorescentia racemus pedicellis 13-15 mm longis fere omnibus 2-floris ; indumentum in inflorescentiis et ascidiis parcum stellatum, ceterum 0.

”

^
除了罗斯朱迪·塔明1856采集的标本外，丹瑟还列出了11份独立的多巴猪笼草标本。依照时间顺序，如下:
Gov. Eastcoast:
- G. Sibajak, 1300 m, 27 I 1923, LÖRZING 9443, H. B. (0) ;
- Karo Plateau, on the East-Siosar, 1450-1550 m, 12 XI 1921, LÖRZING 6802, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (m.f) ;
- between Midan and Berastagi, Lau-deboek-deboek, 20 VI 1926, BOEDIJN, H. D. 6408, H. B. (0) ;
- Berastagi, 1350 m, 12 III 1926, YATES 2013 H. U. C. (m), H. B. (m) ;
- near Perapat, rocky coast of Lake Toba, 910 m, 11 X 1920, LÖRZING & JOCHEMS, H. D.P. 7612, H. B. (0) ;
- Haranggoal, near Lake Toba, 1200 m, IV 1927, BEUMÉE A 438, H. B. (0) ;
- at the way between Perapat and Pematang Siantar, 1000 m, IV 1927, BEUMÉE A 448, H. B. (0) ;
Res. Tapiannoeli:
- on the Sg. Asahan near Lake Toba, 950-1050 m. LÖRZING 9889, H. B. (f) ;
- Plateau of Habinsaran, E.S.E. of Lake Toba, 1200-1300 m, 11 V 1919, LÖRZING 6573, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (f), also on alcohol, type ;
- about 25 km S.E. of Baligé, 1300 m. 11 XII 1918, RUTGERS & VAN HEURN 1, H. B. (f), H. L. B. (f) ;
- Benandolok, 1000 m, OUWEHAND 79, H. B. (f) ;
- TEYSMANN, probably Batak regions, 8 II 1856, H. L. B. 908,155-1106 (f).

^ B·H·丹瑟对多巴猪笼草与两眼猪笼草之间的论述原文：^[3]

“

N. tobaica has only been found on the plateau north, east and south of Lake Toba. It is most closely related to N. Reinwardtiana and I am not quite certain, whether it is perhaps a form of this species, but up till now no intermediate forms have been discovered.

”

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 78. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 ^2.18 ^2.19 ^2.20 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Danser, B.H. 1928. 45. Nepenthes tobaica DANS., spec. nova. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
^ Danser, B.H. 1940. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271.
^ Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra 1. Kyoto University, JapaN. pp. 75–109.
^ Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Shivas, R.G. 1984. The Lake Toba Nepenthes.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(1): 15–16.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes tobaica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
^ Russell, G. 1985. Sumatran Expedition January 1985.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 97–101.
^ Oudemans, A.C. 1932. Opus 550. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 75: 202–210.
^ Fashing, N.J. 2002. Nepenthacarus, a new genus of Histiostomatidae (Acari: Astigmata) inhabiting the pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce in Far North Queensland, Australia.PDF（1.64 MiB） Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 7–17. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00263.x
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
^ （印尼文） Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

（印尼文） Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist, published online on March 24, 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia.PDF（1.72 MiB） Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
Salmon, B. & R. Maulder 1999. Notes on Nepenthes from Northern Sumatra.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 28(1): 14-18.
Thornhill, A.H., I.S. Harper & N.D. Hallam 2008. The development of the digestive glands and enzymes in the pitchers of three Nepenthes species: N. alata, N. tobaica, and N. ventricosa (Nepenthaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 169(5): 615–624. doi:10.1086/533599

扩展阅读

美国种质资源信息网络中关于多巴猪笼草的信息
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中多巴猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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[Danser1-5] B·H·丹瑟专著中多巴猪笼草原拉丁文描述：^[3]

“ Folia mediocria sessilia, lamina lineari-lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 0-1, raro 2, basi lata semiamplexicauli ; ascidia rosularum ignota ; ascidia inferiora parte inferiore anguste ovata, medio angustata, os versus infundibuliformia, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuto, cylindrico, 1/2-1 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo rotundato-elliptico, facie inferiore plano ; ascidia superiora parva, e basi infundibuliformi parte inferiore paulum ventricosa, medio leviter angustata, os versus paulum infundibuliformia, costis 2 prominentibus, peristomio operculum versus acuto, cylindrico, 1/2-1 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo orbiculari v. rotundato-elliptico facie interiore plana ; inflorescentia racemus pedicellis 13-15 mm longis fere omnibus 2-floris ; indumentum in inflorescentiis et ascidiis parcum stellatum, ceterum 0. ”

[6] 除了罗斯朱迪·塔明1856采集的标本外，丹瑟还列出了11份独立的多巴猪笼草标本。依照时间顺序，如下:

Gov. Eastcoast:

G. Sibajak, 1300 m, 27 I 1923, LÖRZING 9443, H. B. (0) ;

Karo Plateau, on the East-Siosar, 1450-1550 m, 12 XI 1921, LÖRZING 6802, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (m.f) ;

between Midan and Berastagi, Lau-deboek-deboek, 20 VI 1926, BOEDIJN, H. D. 6408, H. B. (0) ;

Berastagi, 1350 m, 12 III 1926, YATES 2013 H. U. C. (m), H. B. (m) ;

near Perapat, rocky coast of Lake Toba, 910 m, 11 X 1920, LÖRZING & JOCHEMS, H. D.P. 7612, H. B. (0) ;

Haranggoal, near Lake Toba, 1200 m, IV 1927, BEUMÉE A 438, H. B. (0) ;

at the way between Perapat and Pematang Siantar, 1000 m, IV 1927, BEUMÉE A 448, H. B. (0) ;

Res. Tapiannoeli:

on the Sg. Asahan near Lake Toba, 950-1050 m. LÖRZING 9889, H. B. (f) ;

Plateau of Habinsaran, E.S.E. of Lake Toba, 1200-1300 m, 11 V 1919, LÖRZING 6573, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (f), also on alcohol, type ;

about 25 km S.E. of Baligé, 1300 m. 11 XII 1918, RUTGERS & VAN HEURN 1, H. B. (f), H. L. B. (f) ;

Benandolok, 1000 m, OUWEHAND 79, H. B. (f) ;

TEYSMANN, probably Batak regions, 8 II 1856, H. L. B. 908,155-1106 (f).

[3] G. Sibajak, 1300 m, 27 I 1923, LÖRZING 9443, H. B. (0) ;

[4] Karo Plateau, on the East-Siosar, 1450-1550 m, 12 XI 1921, LÖRZING 6802, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (m.f) ;

[5] tween Midan and Berastagi, Lau-deboek-deboek, 20 VI 1926, BOEDIJN, H. D. 6408, H. B. (0) ;

[6] Berastagi, 1350 m, 12 III 1926, YATES 2013 H. U. C. (m), H. B. (m) ;

[7] r Perapat, rocky coast of Lake Toba, 910 m, 11 X 1920, LÖRZING & JOCHEMS, H. D.P. 7612, H. B. (0) ;

[8] Haranggoal, near Lake Toba, 1200 m, IV 1927, BEUMÉE A 438, H. B. (0) ;

[9] t the way between Perapat and Pematang Siantar, 1000 m, IV 1927, BEUMÉE A 448, H. B. (0) ;

[10] the Sg. Asahan near Lake Toba, 950-1050 m. LÖRZING 9889, H. B. (f) ;

[11] Plateau of Habinsaran, E.S.E. of Lake Toba, 1200-1300 m, 11 V 1919, LÖRZING 6573, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (f), also on alcohol, type ;

[12] ut 25 km S.E. of Baligé, 1300 m. 11 XII 1918, RUTGERS & VAN HEURN 1, H. B. (f), H. L. B. (f) ;

[13] Benandolok, 1000 m, OUWEHAND 79, H. B. (f) ;

[14] TEYSMANN, probably Batak regions, 8 II 1856, H. L. B. 908,155-1106 (f).

[Danser2-7] B·H·丹瑟对多巴猪笼草与两眼猪笼草之间的论述原文：^[3]

“ N. tobaica has only been found on the plateau north, east and south of Lake Toba. It is most closely related to N. Reinwardtiana and I am not quite certain, whether it is perhaps a form of this species, but up till now no intermediate forms have been discovered. ”

[夏洛特2007-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 78. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[Clarke-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 ^2.18 ^2.19 ^2.20 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[Danser-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Danser, B.H. 1928. 45. Nepenthes tobaica DANS., spec. nova. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.

[J&C-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.

[8] Danser, B.H. 1940. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271.

[T&H-9] Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra 1. Kyoto University, JapaN. pp. 75–109.

[10] Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.

[Baueretal2012-11] 8.0 ^8.1 Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x

[Shivas-12] 9.0 ^9.1 Shivas, R.G. 1984. The Lake Toba Nepenthes.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(1): 15–16.

[IUCN-13] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes tobaica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].

[14] Russell, G. 1985. Sumatran Expedition January 1985.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 97–101.

[15] Oudemans, A.C. 1932. Opus 550. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 75: 202–210.

[16] Fashing, N.J. 2002. Nepenthacarus, a new genus of Histiostomatidae (Acari: Astigmata) inhabiting the pitchers of Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce in Far North Queensland, Australia.PDF（1.64 MiB） Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 7–17. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00263.x

[Clarke1997-17] 14.0 ^14.1 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

[McPherson-18] McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[Dariana-19] （印尼文） Dariana 2010. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes dan pohon inang di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. M.Sc. thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan.

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