國民所得倍增計劃

1960年代的日本商鋪

國民所得倍增計劃(日语:国民所得倍増計画こくみんしょとくばいぞうけいかく kokumin shitoku baizō keikaku)是日本首相池田勇人于1960年秋季发起的一项长期经济发展计划。[1]该计划旨在通过税收减免、导向性的投资、扩大社会保障网、鼓励出口以刺激工业发展,在十年内将日本國民生產總值翻倍。为了实现十年内经济翻倍的目标,该计划要求年均经济增长率达到7.2%。事实上,在该计划实施过程中,日本的年度增长率平均超过了10%,经济规模在不到七年的时间里就翻了一番。[2]

1960年反对《美日安保条约》的大规模安保斗争导致岸内阁倒台后,池田内阁提出了收入倍增计划,旨在将日本的全国性议题从政治斗争转向经济增长,从而形成社会共识。[3]不过,池田及其智囊团自1959年年中以来一直在制定该计划,其中最著名的是经济学家下村治。[4]

收入倍增计划偏向于公共投资,如水利、教育、交通等许多之前由于侧重私营企业投资而缺乏资金的公用事业。该计划促进了国际贸易,让出口公司享受了红利,中小企业得以更便利地参与进国际市场。技术创新也日益受到重视,高质量产品出口到了世界各地。农业部门的效益亦有提升,社会保障网普遍建立,涌入城市的农村人口迁移潮得到应对。城市规划改善,国土空间得到了有效利用。[5]

此计划被普遍认为成功地实现了其政治与经济目标。历史学家尼克·卡普尔称,该计划“将‘经济增长主义’确立为日本人民和政府的一种世俗宗教,使政府政策的成效和人民的获得感最终由年度GDP百分比的变化来衡量”。[6]该计划的各个方面已经被其他国家,尤其是为希望效仿日本的出口导向型增长的亚洲国家所研究。例如,中华人民共和国明确参考了1960年代的日本经济政策作为榜样。[7]

池田去世后,成长的代价开始浮出水面:[8]由于政府的经济政策受到增长目标扭曲,通货膨胀高企、第一产业骤减、人口集中于大都市、地方人口萎缩、环境污染、灾害频发。[9][10][11]

参考资料

  1. ^ The Income Doubling Plan and the Growing Japanese Economy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan. 1961. OCLC 21712098. 
  2. ^ 陈鸿斌. 日本是怎么搞收入倍增的. 理财周刊 (腾讯财经). 2011年5月4日 [2012年11月16日]. (原始内容存档于2016年10月6日). 
  3. ^ Kapur 2018,第70, 100-101頁.
  4. ^ Kapur 2018,第99-100頁.
  5. ^ *Shinohara, Miyohei. Evaluation of Economic Plans in the Japanese Economy. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (JSTOR Press). 1964, 92: 208–221 [2024-05-05]. JSTOR 40436143. (原始内容存档于2024-05-07). 
  6. ^ Kapur 2018,第106-107頁.
  7. ^ Kapur 2018,第272頁.
  8. ^ 塩口,第6頁.
  9. ^ 家の光協会,第253-300頁.
  10. ^ 中島,第4-5頁.
  11. ^ 山形県農業協同組合沿革史 第二編 I編〜II編 第Ⅰ編 農業・農協をめぐる社会・経済の流れ. [2024-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-13). 

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