同樣在16世紀,與阿拉伯世界的貿易令威尼斯獲得了包括咖啡在內的非洲商品,威尼斯商人則向威尼斯的上流階級高價推銷咖啡[9]。起初意大利的宗教人士對咖啡這種穆斯林飲料持懷疑態度,並稱咖啡為“撒旦的苦澀發明(bitter invention of Satan)”或是“阿拉伯酒(wine of Araby)”[19],1600年,教宗克勉八世對咖啡的爭議作出裁決,在教宗品嚐咖啡後認為可以飲用,並祝福了咖啡。[14]。
1616年,荷蘭商人彼得·范登布羅克從也門摩卡獲得了一些阿拉比卡咖啡樹苗並帶回了阿姆斯特丹,還在當地植物園種植成功[20]。1658年,荷蘭人首先在其殖民地錫蘭和印度南部開始種植咖啡,但出於避免供應過剩而降低價格的考量,最終放棄了在錫蘭種植,專註於爪哇和蘇裏南的種植園。[10][21][22]
白咖啡(英語:white coffee,又称:怡保白咖啡(英語:Ipoh white coffee)):起源于馬來西亞怡保,其使用經過人造黃油烘培的咖啡豆,沖泡好后加入甜炼乳的饮品。[64]19世纪和20世纪初英国锡矿公司在怡保设立锡矿,而中国移民则在怡保锡矿工作,白咖啡是19世纪中后期移民马来亚的海南人出于华人不习惯咖啡味道而发明。[65]从本质上是一种拿铁咖啡。在美国,白咖啡也指轻度烘培的咖啡豆,使用意式冲煮,具有较强酸味的咖啡。
^Topik, Steven; Pomeranz, Kenneth. 3.3 Mocha Is Not Chocolate. The World That Trade Created. Routledge. 2014-12-18 [2018-06-08]. ISBN 9781317453826 –通过Google Books. Although Coffea arabica appeared in a native plant in Ethiopia, the coffee beverage was probably developed around 1400 in the Yemeni city of Mocha.
^Mussatto, Solange I.; Machado, Ercília M. S.; Martins, Silvia; Teixeira, José A. Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2011, 4 (5): 661–672. ISSN 1935-5130. doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0565-z.
^FAOSTAT Core Trade Data (commodities/years). FAO Statistics Division. 2007 [2007-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-14). To retrieve export values: Select the "commodities/years" tab. Under "subject", select "Export value of primary commodity." Under "country," select "World." Under "commodity," hold down the shift key while selecting all commodities under the "single commodity" category. Select the desired year and click "show data." A list of all commodities and their export values will be displayed.
^The 19th-century orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy edited the first two chapters of al-Jaziri's manuscript and included it in the second edition of his Chrestomathie Arabe (Paris, 1826, 3 vols.). Antoine Galland's De l'origine et du progrès du Café (1699) was recently reissued (Paris: Editions La Bibliothèque, 1992).
^Al-Jaziri's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regard to the history of coffee in Europe as well. A copy reached the French royal library, where it was translated in part by Antoine Galland as De l'origine et du progrès du café.
^Schneider, Irene. Ebussuud. Stolleis, Michael (编). Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert 2nd. München: Beck. 2001: 193. ISBN 3-406-45957-9(德语).
^Some sources even claim that one of the Dutch seedlings had originally come from Surinam: Jean Benoît Désiré Cochet, Galerie dieppoise: notices biographiques sur les hommes célèbres ou utiles, 1862, p. 178. full text at Google Books
^Cowen, Brian. The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse. Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2005: 49.
^Adams, John. John Adams to Abigail Adams. The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. Massachusetts Historical Society. 1774-07-06 [2014-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-04). I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. “Madam” said I to Mrs. Huston, “is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled, or paid no Duties?” “No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I cant make Tea, but I'le make you Coffee.” Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since, and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.
^Aregay, Merid W. The Early History of Ethiopia's Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa. The Journal of African History. 1988, 29 (1, Special Issue in Honour of Roland Oliver): 20. JSTOR 182236. S2CID 154548717. doi:10.1017/s0021853700035969.
^Rankin, Beth. LDU Brings Australian Coffee Culture to Fitzhugh Avenue. Dallas Observer. 2 March 2018 [19 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-25). Espresso is a big part of this menu. Try the long black ($3 to $3.50), a double shot of espresso over hot water, comparable to an Americano.
^Holden, Matt. The perfect long black. Good Food. 2014-04-15 [2019-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-21) (澳大利亚英语).
^Janice Chinna Kanniah. What Is A Long Black?. Perfect Daily Grind. 2020-08-24 [2021-11-24]. 原始内容存档于2023-06-04 (英语).
American politician (1810–1895) For the Canadian general, see Lewis MacKenzie. Lewis McKenzieMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 7th districtIn officeJanuary 31, 1870 – March 3, 1871Preceded byHimself (1)Succeeded byElliott M. BraxtonIn officeFebruary 16, 1863 – March 3, 1863Preceded byCharles H. UptonSucceeded byHimself (1)Mayor of Alexandria, VirginiaIn office1861–1863Preceded byWilliam B. PriceSucceeded byCharles A. Ware Personal detailsBo...
Japanese illustrator, writer and actor Lily FrankyFranky at the opening ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival, 2017.BornMasaya Nakagawa (1963-11-04) 4 November 1963 (age 60)Fukuoka, JapanOther namesElvis WoodstockOccupation(s)Actor, writer, illustrator, designer, musician, lyricist, photographer, essayistYears active1980s–presentHeight174 cm (5 ft 9 in) In this professional name, the given name is Lily Franky. There is no family name.[1] Mas...
Cléon Caractéristiques Longueur 18,5 km [1] Bassin collecteur Seine Cours Confluence l'Armançon Géographie Pays traversés France modifier Le Cléon est un ruisseau français affluent de l'Armançon qui prend sa source dans l’Yonne sur la commune de Tonnerre près de la ferme d'Athée. Il a 18,5 km de long[1] et il traverse cinq communes : Tissey, Vezannes, Dyé, Carisey, Villiers-Vineux. Il a huit affluents : ru de valru rive droite prend sa source sur la com...
Paraphyletic group of tetrapodomorphs Labyrinthodonts*Temporal range: 395–120.5 Ma Descendant taxa Amniotes and Lissamphibians survive to present. PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Artist's conception of a Proterogyrinus, an anthracosaur Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Batrachomorpha Subclass: †LabyrinthodontiaOwen, 1860 Groups included Order Ichthyostegalia * Order Temnospondyli † (possible ancestors of modern amphibians) Order R...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Si Fly Flight 3275 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1999 aviation accident Si Fly Flight 3275An ATR 42-300, similar to the aircraft involved in the crashOccurrenceDate12 November 199...
Persiwa WamenaNama lengkapPersatuan Sepak bola Indonesia WamenaJulukanBadai Baliem Kasuari HijauBerdiri1972[1]StadionStadion Pendidikan(Kapasitas: 15.000[2])PemilikPT. Persiwa WamenaKetuaJohn BanuaManajerAgus SantosoLigaLiga 32018Ke-11 Wilayah Timur(Degradasi) Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Wamena (disingkat: Persiwa; atau juga dikenal: Persiwa Wamena) adalah sebuah klub sepak bola profesional Indonesia yang bermarkas di Distrik Wamena, Kabupaten ...
This article is about the Thomas Aquinas treatise. For general topic, see legal treatise. Work of legal philosophy by Thomas Aquinas Part of a series onThomas Aquinas Thomism Scholasticism Apophatic theology Divine simplicity Quinque viae Beatific vision Actus purus Actus essendi Primum Movens Sacraments Correspondence theory Hylomorphism Substance theory (ousia) Substantial form Quiddity (essence / accident nature) Peripatetic axiom Principle of double effect Aristotelian ...
Магнитная лента. Изображение получено с помощью CMOS-MagView Карта с магнитной полосой — тип карт, отличающийся наличием магнитной полосы. Магнитная полоса предназначена для хранения какой‑либо информации. Запись информации выполняется путём намагничивания крошечных ч�...
2014 Texas Senate election ← 2012 November 4, 2014 2016 → 15 of the 31 seats in the Texas State Senate16 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Third party Party Republican Democratic Libertarian Last election 19 seats, 62.65%[1] 12 seats, 32.76%[1] 0 seats, 5.12%[1] Seats before 19 12 0 Seats won 20 11 0 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 1,469,629 691,984 165,284 Percentage 63.09% 29.71% 7.10%...
American Founding Father and politician (1734–1817) For other people named Thomas McKean, see Thomas McKean (disambiguation). Thomas McKeanPortrait by Charles Willson Peale2nd Governor of PennsylvaniaIn officeDecember 17, 1799 – December 20, 1808Preceded byThomas MifflinSucceeded bySimon SnyderChief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme CourtIn officeJuly 28, 1777 – December 17, 1799Preceded byBenjamin ChewSucceeded byEdward Shippen IV8th President of the Continental Con...
هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...
Loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties This article is about chemical elements. For other uses, see Heavy metal (disambiguation). Crystals of osmium, a heavy metal nearly twice as dense as lead[1] Part of a series on thePeriodic table Periodic table forms 18-column 32-column Alternative and extended forms Periodic table history D. Mendeleev 1871 table 1869 predictions Discovery of elements Naming and etymology for people for places controver...
Финал Гран-при по фигурному катанию 2012/2013 Тип соревнования Международный турнир под эгидой ИСУ Дата 6— 9 декабря 2012 года Сезон 2012—2013 Место проведения Сочи Арена Дворец зимнего спорта «Айсберг» Соревнования Предыдущее Финал Гран-при 2011/2012 Последующее Финал Гран-при 2013/2014...
Former multi-sports club based in Gdańsk, Poland Lechia GdańskFull nameLechia GdańskNicknameLechiaFounded7 August 1945Dissolved2002 Active departments of Lechia Gdańsk Football Football(II team) Football(women's) Rugby Rugby(women's) Athletics Cycling Lechia Gdańsk was a Polish multi-sports club based in Gdańsk, Poland. Formed in 1945 the club held many different sections until 2002 when the teams started to operate as their own organisations. While run as their own organisations now, m...
Iñaki Williams Iñaki Williams jugando con el Athletic Club en 2018Datos personalesNombre completo Iñaki Williams ArthuerApodo(s) Pantera,[1] Pañaki[2]Nacimiento Bilbao, Vizcaya15 de junio de 1994 (30 años)Nacionalidad(es) GhanesaEspañolaAltura 1,86 m (6′ 1″)Peso 80 kg (176 lb)Carrera deportivaDeporte FútbolClub profesionalDebut deportivo 6 de diciembre de 2014(Athletic Club)Club Athletic ClubLiga Primera División de EspañaPosición DelanteroDorsa...
2006 Texas's 22nd congressional district election ← 2004 November 7, 2006 2008 → Nominee Nick Lampson Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (write-in) Bob Smither Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Popular vote 76,775 61,938 9,009 Percentage 51.8% 41.8% 6.1% County resultsLampson: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% U.S. Representative before election Tom DeLay Republican Elected U.S. Repre...
1986 single by Prince and the RevolutionGirls & BoysUK 12-inch singleSingle by Prince and the Revolutionfrom the album Parade B-side Under the Cherry Moon Erotic City (UK 12-inch) She's Always in My Hair (UK double 7-inch single) 17 Days (UK double 7-inch single) ReleasedAugust 4, 1986RecordedJuly 8, 1985StudioWashington Avenue Warehouse (Minneapolis)Genre Pop funk Length3:27 (7-inch edit)5:30 (album/12-inch version)LabelPaisley Park / Warner Bros.Songwriter(s)PrinceProducer(s)PrincePrinc...
Australian rules footballer Australian rules footballer Tom Berry April 2019Personal informationDate of birth (2000-05-01) 1 May 2000 (age 24)Original team(s) GWV RebelsDraft No. 36, 2018 AFL draft, Brisbane LionsDebut 13 June 2020, Brisbane Lions vs. Fremantle, at The GabbaHeight 185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Weight 76 kg (168 lb)Position(s) ForwardClub informationCurrent club Gold CoastNumber 16Playing career1Years Club Games (Goals)2019–2022 Brisbane Lions 20 ...