^Zardykhan, Zharmukhamed. Ottoman Kurds of the First World War Era: Reflections in Russian Sources. Middle Eastern Studies. 2006, 42 (1): 67–85 [2022-03-09]. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284431. S2CID 145313196. doi:10.1080/00263200500399561. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）. The Kurdish 'natural' opposition to the Hamidiye is mentioned by Kamal Madhar Ahmad among the reasons for the adherence of some Kurdish chieftains to Russia. [...] In addition, as General Korsun states, the Russian 'conquest' of Erzincan created an opportunity for Russia to establish contact with the Kurds of Dersim, 'who were rising up against the Turks'.
^Armstrong, Mick. The Kurdish tragedy. redflag.org.au. 28 October 2019 [2020-05-04]. （原始内容存档于17 March 2020）. During World War One, the Western powers, in particular the British, promised the Kurds an independent state to encourage them to revolt against their Ottoman rulers.
^Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü, Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II, Tughra Books, 2006, ISBN1-59784-054-8, p. 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.
^Paul Bartrop, Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses, ABC-CLIO, 2014
^Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN0313315167, p. 211 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia, 20,000 in Romania, and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142).
^Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN978-0-313-34642-2.
^Schatkowski Schilcher, Linda: The famine of 1915–1918 in Greater Syria, in: Spagnolo, John P. (ed.): Problems of the modern Middle East in historical perspective, Ithaca 1993: Cornell University Press, pp. 229-258.
^Ward, Steven R. Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. 2014. ISBN 9781626160651., p. 123: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the various armies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million while an influenza pandemic killed additional tens of thousands."
