^ 6.06.16.2Qaseem, A; Wilt, TJ; McLean, RM; Forciea, MA; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of, Physicians. Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians.. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017-04-04, 166 (7): 514–530. PMID 28192789. doi:10.7326/M16-2367.
^ 8.08.18.28.38.4Vos, T. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.. Lancet. 2012-12-15, 380 (9859): 2163–96. PMID 23245607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.
^ 19.019.119.219.3Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Resnick DK, Shaffer WO, Loeser JD. Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Spine. May 2009, 34 (10): 1094–109. PMID 19363455. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a105fc.
^ 22.022.1Walker, BF; French, SD; Grant, W; Green, S. A Cochrane review of combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain. Spine. 2011-02-01, 36 (3): 230–42. PMID 21248591. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318202ac73(英语).
^ 23.023.1Dagenais, S; Gay, RE; Tricco, AC; Freeman, MD; Mayer, JM. NASS Contemporary Concepts in Spine Care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society. 2010, 10 (10): 918–40. PMID 20869008. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.389(英语).
^ 27.027.1Stanton, TR; Latimer, J; Maher, CG; Hancock, MJ. How do we define the condition 'recurrent low back pain'? A systematic review.. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2010-04, 19 (4): 533–9. PMID 19921522. doi:10.1007/s00586-009-1214-3(英语).
^ 30.030.1Low Back Pain Fact Sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. National Institute of Health. [2013-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04) (英语).
^Fast Facts About Back Pain. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. National Institute of Health. 2009-09 [2013-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-05) (英语).
^Low back pain – acute. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services – National Institutes of Health. [2013-04-01]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-01) (英语).
^Majchrzycki M; Mrozikiewicz PM; Kocur P; et al. [懷孕婦女與下背痛]. Ginekol. Pol. 2010-11, 81 (11): 851–5. PMID 21365902(波兰语).
^Floyd, R., & Thompson, Clem. (2008). Manual of structural kinesiology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.(英文)
^ 35.035.135.2Freedman MD, Woodham MA, Woodham AW. The role of the lumbar multifidus in chronic low back pain: a review.. PM & R: the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation. 2010-03, 2 (2): 142–6. PMID 20193941. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.11.006(英语).
^Williams CM; Henschke N; Maher CG; et al. Red flags to screen for vertebral fracture in patients presenting with low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, 1: CD008643. PMID 23440831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008643.pub2(英语).
^Henschke N, Maher CG, Ostelo RW, de Vet HC, Macaskill P, Irwig L. Red flags to screen for malignancy in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013, 2: CD008686. PMID 23450586. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008686.pub2(英语).
^Crownover BK, Bepko JL. Appropriate and safe use of diagnostic imaging. Am Fam Physician. 2013-04, 87 (7): 494–501. PMID 23547591(英语).
^ 46.046.1Roger Chou; Amir Qaseem; Douglas K Owens; Paul Shekelle; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Diagnostic imaging for low back pain: advice for high-value health care from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011-02-01, 154 (3): 181–9. PMID 21282698. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00008(英语).
^Flynn TW, Smith B, Chou R. Appropriate use of diagnostic imaging in low back pain: a reminder that unnecessary imaging may do as much harm as good. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011-11, 41 (11): 838–46. PMID 21642763. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3618(英语).
^ 48.048.1Choi BK, Verbeek JH, Tam WW, Jiang JY. Choi, Brian KL , 编. Exercises for prevention of recurrences of low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010, (1): CD006555. PMID 20091596. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006555.pub2(英语).
^Chou R; Qaseem A; Snow V; et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Annals of Internal Medicine. October 2007, 147 (7): 478–91. PMID 17909209. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006(英语).
^ 51.051.1Sahar T; Cohen MJ; Uval-Ne'eman V; et al. Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine. April 2009, 34 (9): 924–33. PMID 19359999. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31819f29be(英语).
^Sprouse R. Treatment: current treatment recommendations for acute and chronic undifferentiated low back pain. Prim. Care. 2012-09, 39 (3): 481–6. PMID 22958557. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.004(英语).
^French, SD.; Cameron, M.; Walker, BF.; Reggars, JW.; Esterman, AJ. Superficial heat or cold for low back pain.. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006, (1): CD004750. PMID 16437495. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004750.pub2(英语).
^Seco J, Kovacs FM, Urrutia G. The efficacy, safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound and shock wave therapies for low back pain: a systematic review. Spine J. October 2011, 11 (10): 966–77. PMID 21482199. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2011.02.002(英语).
^van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, Koes BW, van Tulder MW. Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010, 24 (2): 193–204. PMID 20227641. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.002(英语).
^Woodman, JP; Moore, NR. Evidence for the effectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons in medical and health-related conditions: a systematic review.. International journal of clinical practice. January 2012, 66 (1): 98–112. PMID 22171910. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02817.x(英语).
^Posadzki, P; Ernst, E. Yoga for low back pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.. Clinical rheumatology. September 2011, 30 (9): 1257–62. PMID 21590293. doi:10.1007/s10067-011-1764-8(英语).
^Dubinsky, R. M.; Miyasaki, J. Assessment: Efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2009, 74 (2): 173–6. PMID 20042705. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc(英语).
^Nizard J, Raoul S, Nguyen JP, Lefaucheur JP. Invasive stimulation therapies for the treatment of refractory pain. Discov Med. October 2012, 14 (77): 237–46. PMID 23114579(英语).
^Pinto, RZ; Maher, CG; Ferreira, ML; Hancock, M; Oliveira, VC; McLachlan, AJ; Koes, B; Ferreira, PH. Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2012-12-18, 157 (12): 865–77. PMID 23362516(英语).
^Lee, CS; Hwang, CJ; Lee, DH; Kim, YT; Lee, HS. Fusion rates of instrumented lumbar spinal arthrodesis according to surgical approach: a systematic review of randomized trials.. Clinics in orthopedic surgery. March 2011, 3 (1): 39–47. PMID 21369477. doi:10.4055/cios.2011.3.1.39(英语).
^Dagenais, S; Mayer, J; Wooley, J; Haldeman, S. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with medicine-assisted manipulation. The Spine Journal. 2008, 8 (1): 142–9. PMID 18164462. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.09.010(英语).
^ 70.070.170.2Furlan AD, Yazdi F, Tsertsvadze A, Gross A, Van Tulder M, Santaguida L, Gagnier J, Ammendolia C, Dryden T, Doucette S, Skidmore B, Daniel R, Ostermann T, Tsouros S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of selected complementary and alternative medicine for neck and low-back pain. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2012, 2012: 953139. PMID 22203884. doi:10.1155/2012/953139(英语).
^Chou, R; Shekelle, P. Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain?. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2010, 303 (13): 1295–302. PMID 20371789. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.344(英语).
^Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, Viikari-Juntura E. The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. 2010-01, 123 (1): 87.e7–35. PMID 20102998. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.028(英语).