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七十二候為中國最早結合天文、氣象、物候知識指導農事活動之曆法。以五日為候,三候為氣,六氣為時,四時為歲,一歲二十四節氣共七十二候。[1]七十二候起源於黃河流域,呂不韋載於《呂氏春秋》,完整記載見於西元前2世紀《逸周書·時訓解》。
吳澄《月令七十二候集解》從太初曆,行夏之時,以建寅為正月。
立春正月春氣動,東風能解凝寒凍; 土底蟄蟲始振搖,魚陟負冰相戲泳;[2]
半月交得雨水後,獺祭魚時隨應候; 候雁時催歸北鄉,那堪草木萌芽透。
驚蟄二月節氣浮,桃始開花放樹頭; 鶬鷓鳴動無休歇,崔得胡鷹化作鳩;
春色平分纔一半,向時玄鳥重相見; 雷乃發聲天際頭,閃閃雲開始見電。
芳菲三月報清明,梧桐枝上始含英; 田鼠化鴽人不覺,虹橋始見雨初晴;
三月中時交穀雨,萍始生遍閒洲渚; 鳴鳩自拂其羽毛,戴勝降於桑樹隅。
立夏四月始相爭,知他螻蟈為誰鳴; 無端坵蚓縱橫出,有意王瓜取次生;
小滿瞬時更疊至,閒尋苦菜爭榮處; 靡草千村死欲枯,微看初暄麥秋至;
芒種一番新換豆,不謂螳螂生如許; 鵙者鳴時聲不休,反舌無聲沒半語。
夏至纔交陰始生,鹿乃解角養新茸; 陰陰蜩始鳴長日,細細田間半夏生;
小暑乍來渾未覺,溫風時至褰簾幙; 蟋蟀纔居屋璧諸,天崖又見鷹始摯。
大暑雖炎猶自好,且看腐草為螢秒; 勻勻土潤散溽蒸,大雨時行蘇枯槁。
大火西流又立秋,涼風至透內房幽; 一庭白露微微降,幾個寒蟬鳴樹頭;
一瞬中間處暑至,鷹乃祭鳥誰教汝; 天地屬金始肅清,禾乃登堂收幾許;
無可奈何白露秋,大鴻小雁來南洲; 舊石玄鳥都歸去,教令諸禽各養羞。
自入秋分八月中,雷始收聲斂震宮; 蟄蟲壞戶先為御,水始涸兮勢向東;
寒露人言晚節佳,鴻雁來賓時不差; 雀入大水化為蛤,爭看籬菊有黃花;
休言霜降非天意,豺乃祭獸班時意; 草木皆黃落葉天,蟄蟲咸俯迎寒氣;
誰看書來立冬信,水始成冰寒日進; 地始凍兮折裂開,雉入大水潛為蜃;
逡巡小雪年華暮,虹藏不見知何處; 天升地降兩不交,閉寒成冬如禁錮;
紛飛大雪轉淒迷,鶡旦不鳴馬肯啼; 虎始交後風生壑,荔挺出時霜滿溪。
短日漸長冬至矣,蚯蚓結泉更不起; 漸漸林間麋角解,水泉搖動溫井底;
去歲小寒今歲又,雁聲北鄉春去舊; 鵲尋枝上始為巢,雉入寒煙時一雊。
一年時盡大寒來,雞始乳兮如乳孩; 征鳥當權飛厲疾,澤腹彌堅凍不開;
五朝一候如麟次,一歲從頭七十二; 達人觀此發天機,多少乾坤無限事。
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