Ta 152戰鬥機

Ta 152
被英軍俘獲的Ta 152 H-1
概况
类型戰鬥機
制造商Focke-Wulf
设计者库尔特·谭克
主要用户納粹德國空軍
制造数量63架及6架原型機 (據傳有超過100架,但是仍未查證)
历史
起役日期1945年 1月
退役日期1945年

Ta 152(外号“长鼻子朵拉”)被認為是二戰末期最強的終極螺旋槳戰鬥機之一,在飛行速度、飛行高度及火力上都超過了英國的噴火式以及美國的野馬式,在第二次世界大戰末期由德國的飛機製造廠 福克-沃爾夫所製造的超高空戰鬥機。它是由同公司的戰鬥機 Fw 190D-9發展而來。福克-沃爾夫所製造的機種卻不是冠上 Fw 的編號,這是因為1943年10月帝國航空部 (RLM) 決定「新戰鬥機的名稱將包含其主任設計者名稱」的緣故。其結果就是,其主任設計者库尔特·谭克的名字 (Tank) 中的 Ta 使用在名稱上。

歷史

Ta 152H

為了對應Fw 190A的BMW 801在海拔6000米以上的高空表現大幅下降的問題,曾經提出將Fw 190基礎改造成P.8011高空高速戰鬥機,動力為BMW 802引擎,可是研製過程中遇上不少問題而中止,裝備了液冷式發動機的Fw 190 D-9 型展現了相當程度的改善,但高空性能面對盟軍的同級對手仍有不足。因此,福克-沃爾夫飛機製造廠的設計者庫爾特·譚克為了提高以超高空性能為首的整體能力,就促成了Ta 152的誕生。此戰鬥機以在12500米高度有760公里/小時的最高時速為目標,作為“終極的螺旋槳戰鬥機”,背負了很大的期望。

此戰鬥機的特點是,以Fw 190 D-9 型為基礎,更強化了其超高空的飛行性能。與FW 190 D-9 型主要的區別是,換裝了針對高高度特化的發動機,同時增設GM-1(一氧化二氮)和MW 50水甲醇噴射裝置來提升發動機的高空性能,增壓座艙,以及高展弦比的機翼,過往Me 109Fw 190主力戰鬥機的航程距離太短問題(只有600至1,200公里以內),可是Fw 190 D-9的機載燃料容量只是595升是微不足道,所以在Ta 152 H-1型基礎上在左右主翼內增設200升防彈燃料箱,要達到遠距離航程,在機身、機翼底部再增設副助燃料箱掛架來裝上300升副助燃料箱來保持遠距離航程,為了加強武裝,更第一次在Fw 190系列的機體螺旋槳軸內裝備MK 108機炮,在左右主翼翼根裝設MG 151/20機炮,雖然火力仍比不起上Fw 190 D-9型,但是射擊準確度高而彈道低伸,依靠高空高速的性能和上述武裝來追殺同盟國戰鬥機和轟炸機。

評價

部分文獻根據帳面性能,評價Ta152是「第二次世界大戰最強的戰鬥機」。但也有人指出,本機的量產型發動機故障率偏高、妥善率不佳,並不匹配最強的稱號。

因為擁有性能更優異的Me262,本機到1945年3月就停產,對整體戰局沒有影響。(據傳有個別廠商仍然繼續生產該戰鬥機型號,直到德國戰敗日時生產超過100架,並有可能計劃生產1000架。)

英國皇家航空研究院的試飛員艾瑞克·布朗(Eric Melrose "Winkle" Brown)實際飛過Ta152H,評價是「在高度10,700米以上速度、爬昇能力、運動性凌駕噴火Mk.XIX之上,但滾轉性能低於Fw190A,而且操縱桿很重、飛行安定性不佳,若果使用GM-1(一氧化二氮)和MW 50水甲醇噴射裝置來提升最高速度和急速爬升時,難以操縱,容易疲勞。」

主要性能參數

Ta 152H-1

  • 用途:超高空戰鬥機
  • 乘員:1人
  • 全長:10.82公尺
  • 全寬:14.44公尺
  • 翼面積:23.50平方公尺
  • 重量:
    • 空重:4031公斤
    • 滿重:4727公斤
    • 最大起飛:5217公斤
  • 燃料容量:995升 (增設300升外掛燃料箱為1,295升)
  • 動力
    • 引擎: 液冷V-12Jumo 213 E-1輸出1750馬力 (搭配MW-50系統2050馬力, 搭配GM-1系統2150馬力)
    • 最大速度:765公里/小時
    • 巡航速度:500公里/小時
    • 爬升速度:1050公尺/分鐘
    • 航程距離:1,200公里~2,000公里(增設副油箱)
    • 最大升限:14,800公尺
  • 武裝:
    • 30毫米 MK-108 ×1(螺旋槳軸內)
    • 20毫米 MG151/20× 2(主翼翼根)

Ta 152C-1[1][2]

  • 用途:戰鬥機/戰鬥轟炸機
  • 乘員:1人
  • 全長:10.80公尺
  • 全寬:11.00公尺
  • 高度:3.38公尺
  • 翼面積:19.50平方公尺
  • 重量:
    • 空重:4014公斤
    • 最大起飛:5320公斤
  • 動力:
    • 引擎:液冷V-12DB 603發動機,2000馬力,兩級高空增壓器和環形冷卻器
    • MW-50系統的最高速度: 海拔10,000公尺時為736公里/小時
    • 具有戰鬥性能的最大速度:海拔9,500公尺時702公里/小時
    • 巡航速度:海拔8,400公尺時550公里/小時
    • 爬升性能:13.3分鐘內至爬升10,000公尺(使用 MW-50)
    • 最大升限:12,300公尺
    • 航程:1,140公里
  • 武裝:

(螺旋槳軸內)

(主翼翼根及引擎罩蓋)

    • 500公斤炸彈或300升外掛油箱

相關條目

相關連結

1919年-1945年德國軍用飛機列表

  1. ^ Die Weltkrieg-II-Flugzeuge. Motorbuchverlag, ISBN 3-87943-302-X, S. 311.
  2. ^ Typenkompass. Focke-Wulf seit 1925. Motorbuchverlag, ISBN 978-3-613-03006-0, S. 108.

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