H-3號州際公路

H-3號州際公路 marker

H-3號州際公路
约翰·A·伯恩斯高速公路
道路信息
管理方夏威夷交通部[*]
道路總長15.32英里[1]（24.66公里）
启用时间1997年12月12日
主要连接道路
西端 H-1在艾亞
H-201在阿拉瓦
東端夏威夷海軍陸戰隊基地主入口
地點
縣份檀香山
公路系統

夏威夷州公路（英语：List of state highways in Hawaii）

← H-2→  11號州道

H-3号州际公路是一條位於夏威夷州歐胡島的州际公路，這公路又名為约翰·A·伯恩斯高速公路，以第二任州長约翰·A·伯恩斯命名。這公路穿越了科奥劳岭，路上有數條高架桥，長5,165英尺（1,574米）的哲翁原野隧道和另一條較短的醫院石隧道。

公路的西面出口是在阿拉瓦連接H-1号州际公路，靠近珍珠港，而東面出口則是夏威夷海軍陸戰隊基地主入口。這公路滿足了軍事需要，使海軍陸戰隊能快速到達珍珠港。

以每英里造價計算，H-3州際公路是美國最昂貴的州際公路[2]，最終造價為1.3億美元，或每英里8,000萬美元[3]。

路線

H-3州際公路

H-3州際公路在檀香山市中心西北部開始，在阿拉瓦與H-1號州際公路和H-201號州際公路交匯，鄰近阿羅哈體育場和珍珠港-希卡姆聯合基地[3]。H-3能直接到達H-1州際公路並能往南行至丹尼爾·K·井上國際機場，或西行至珍珠城[4]。往東向則是轉入H-201州際公路，然後交匯至H-1州際公路[5]。

公路在阿拉瓦山谷中有條長達6英里（9.7公里）的迎风高架桥，然後經過哲翁原野隧道穿越科奥劳岭。在隧道東部出口處仍是高架橋，沿著海庫山谷而建，之後是卡內奧赫交匯處，從這可進入63號夏威夷州州道到達卡內奧赫。之後是另一交匯進，從這裡可進入83號夏威夷州州道。再向前走是另一交匯處進入65號夏威夷州州道。靠近出口的位置是是另一交匯處，這裡可進入卡內奧赫灣路，而再往直走則是夏威夷海軍陸戰隊基地主入口，公路的結束點。

歷史

圖中左邊隧道為醫院石隧道，中为迎风高架桥，右邊後方是哲翁原野隧道

1959年夏威夷成為美國一個州後，美國國會在1960年通過歐胡島一系列公路建設撥款。公路局在1960年8月29日（Bureau of Public Roads，今聯邦公路總署）設計了連接檀香山和卡內奧赫的公路並命名為H-3州際公路[6][7]。

在眾多反對聲音和抗議下，建造工程終於在1980年代展開，但至1997年12月12日才正式通車，途中多次因為環境投訴和法律訴訟使工程多次停工。參議員丹尼爾·井上在1986年通過這高速公路為國防部預算的附加條款，使這高速公路免受大多數環境法的限制[8][9][10]。修建公路引起一系列環境，光污染等憂慮，自公路完工後便再沒有瓦島管舌雀目擊報告，該物種已知最後棲息地是阿拉瓦[11][12]。

參考資料

  1. ^ Starks, Edward. Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. January 27, 2022 [January 22, 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-20）. 
  2. ^ McNichol, Dan. The Roads that Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System. New York: Sterling. 2006: 176 [May 18, 2022]. ISBN 9781402734687. OCLC 1152948489. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07） –通过Google Books. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Yuen, Mike. H-3, Open Road: After decades of controversy, the 16.1-mile highway will soon open for business. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. December 3, 1997: A1 [November 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-20）. 
  4. ^ H-3 Interchange Maps. The Honolulu Advertiser. December 8, 1997: S4 [November 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-25） –通过Newspapers.com. 
  5. ^ Google Inc. Interstate H-3 (地图). Google Inc. November 24, 2021 [November 24, 2021]. 
  6. ^ Weingroff, Richard. Interstates in Hawaii: ARE WE CRAZY???. Ask the Rambler. Federal Highway Administration. [November 15, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-14）. 
  7. ^ Freeways To Be Extended. The Honolulu Advertiser. June 19, 1960: 39 [November 15, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-15） –通过Newspapers.com. 
  8. ^ Senate Amendment 3116 to House Joint Resolution 738, 99th Congress. United States Congress. October 2, 1986 [August 7, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07）. 
  9. ^ Amendment No. 55: Interstate Highway H-3. Making Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1987 (Conference Report to H.J. Res. 738). United States Government Printing Office. October 15, 1986: 783–784 [August 7, 2016] –通过Internet Archive. 
  10. ^ Hamasaki, Mark; Landgraf, Anne Kapulani. Ē luku wale ē = Devastation upon devastation. Honolulu: Ai Pōhaku Press in association with Native Hawaiian Education Association. 2015. 
  11. ^ Archaeological Projects Conducted by Bishop Museum for the Hawaiʻi State Department of Transportation and Federal Highways Administration for Interstate Route H-3. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. [March 27, 2011]. （原始内容存档于April 30, 2011）. 
  12. ^ Melgar, Christian. Hawai'i's Endemic Forest Birds: Distribution, Status & Population Updates 2002. Birding Hawaii. 2002. （原始内容存档于February 10, 2005）. 

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