CG抑制

胞嘧啶（C）被甲基化後去胺轉為胸腺嘧啶（T）

CG抑制（CG suppression）是指多數脊椎動物基因組中CpG位點的比例低於期望值的現象。人類基因組序列中胞嘧啶（C）與鳥嘌呤（G）各占了約21%，因此CpG位點的比例期望值應為約4%（0.21x0.21），但實際上僅有低於1%[1]。此現象是胞嘧啶去胺的轉換突變所致，被甲基化的胞嘧啶（5-甲基胞嘧啶）會自發去胺轉為轉為胸腺嘧啶（T），若未及時在DNA複製前修復，該位點即發生C-T的轉換突變，此為人類細胞中最常發生的突變種類[2]。

病毒

許多感染脊椎動物的RNA病毒也有CG抑制的現象[3]。有研究分析甲型流感病毒的CG位點，發現其CG限制從鳥類跳躍至人類宿主後CG抑制變得更加明顯（即CpG位點比例進一步降低），而人類基因組CG抑制的程度比鳥類還高，因此此現象可能反映這些病毒在宿主體內受到一定的選汰壓力，使其CpG位點的比例改變[4]。人類免疫缺乏病毒也有CG抑制的現象，有研究發現人類細胞的鋅指抗病毒蛋白（zinc-finger antiviral protein，ZAP）可與RNA中的CpG點結合，並可能以此為區分自我與外來RNA的機制，因人類基因組的CpG位點數量很低，ZAP與與RNA中CpG位點結合以抑制病毒，此機制或對RNA病毒形成選汰壓力，使其基因組也發生CG抑制，降低CpG位點含量以逃避宿主免疫反應[5]。

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium; et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome (PDF). Nature. February 2001, 409 (6822): 860–921 [2021-04-23]. PMID 11237011. doi:10.1038/35057062. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-07-29）. 
  2. ^ Krokan HE, Drabløs F, Slupphaug G. Uracil in DNA--occurrence, consequences and repair.. Oncogene. 2002, 21 (58): 8935–48. PMID 12483510. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205996. 
  3. ^ Cheng X, Virk N, Chen W, Ji S, Ji S, Sun Y; et al. CpG usage in RNA viruses: data and hypotheses.. PLoS One. 2013, 8 (9): e74109. PMC 3781069 可免费查阅. PMID 24086312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074109. 
  4. ^ Greenbaum BD, Levine AJ, Bhanot G, Rabadan R. Patterns of evolution and host gene mimicry in influenza and other RNA viruses.. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4 (6): e1000079. PMC 2390760 可免费查阅. PMID 18535658. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000079. 
  5. ^ Takata MA, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Zang TM, Soll SJ, York A, Blanco-Melo D; et al. CG dinucleotide suppression enables antiviral defence targeting non-self RNA.. Nature. 2017, 550 (7674): 124–127. PMC 6592701 可免费查阅. PMID 28953888. doi:10.1038/nature24039. 

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