AKARI

AKARI （あかり，ASTRO-F）
ASTRO-F, IRIS
基本资料
NSSDC ID2006-005A
组织机构JAXA
发射日期2006年2月21日21:28 UTC
任务时长5年9个月
除役日期2023年4月11日04:44 UTC
质量955 千克
轨道高度694.5 千米
轨道周期96.6 分
位置低地球轨道
望远镜类型RC反射鏡
波段红外线
口径0.67 米
焦距4.2 米
仪器
FIS远红外照相机、摄谱仪
IRC近中红外照相机、摄谱仪
网站JAXA

AKARI（日语：あかり，ASTRO-F）是由日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）和欧洲、韩国部分机构合作开发的红外线空间望远镜卫星，于2006年2月21日协调世界时21:28在日本鹿儿岛县的内之浦宇宙空间观测所由M-V火箭发射至太阳同步轨道。2011年11月24日任务结束[1]，2023年4月11日04:44再入大气层烧毁[2]。

AKARI的设计工作开始于1996年，根据日本人造卫星的排序命名，其最初的名字是ASTRO-F；而由于它主要用于红外的巡天观测，所以又被称为IRIS（Infrared Imaging Surveyor，红外成像巡天设备）[3]。发射后，它被正式命名为AKARI（あかり），日文中是“光”的意思。

结构和设备

AKARI的总预算达134亿日元[4]，其主镜是一架有效口径为0.67米，焦距为4.2米的RC型反射望远镜，制作材料为碳化硅，可以有效地减轻望远镜的重量[5]，这也是历史上首次在太空望远镜上选择用碳化硅作为主镜的材料[6]。为增加主镜的反射率，并减少自身的红外辐射，其表面覆盖了一层金。AKARI的制冷系统采用液氦为制冷剂，此外还装载了斯特林制冷机(Stirling Cycle Mechanical refrigerator)进行机械制冷设备，为其后续望远镜SPICA的制冷手段提供参考依据。此外，AKARI的附镜支架采用铍金属制作以降低了卫星的总质量。AKARI发射时的总质量为955千克。

AKARI的观测设备包括一台FIS和一台IRC。FIS(Far-Infrared Surveyor)，用于在远红外的四个波段的成像观测，进行远红外巡天。而IRC(Infra-Red Camera)则用于近中红外三个波段的成像观测。此外，FIS和IRC还可以作为摄谱仪拍摄不同波段天体的光谱。由于中远红外观测对温度的要求较高，FIS只能在液氦用尽前使用。2007年8月26日，AKARI的液氦全部用尽，之后卫星只能使用机械制冷将温度维持在40K左右，只能使用IRC进行近红外波段的观测。

任务

AKARI的首要任务是进行红外巡天，并对重要目标进行观测，其目的包括下列五个[7]：

此外，AKARI还承担给欧洲空间局的赫歇尔空间天文台、普朗克卫星以及后续望远镜SPICA选择观测目标的任务[8]。

运行状况

AKARI的运行分为四个阶段[9]：

  • 阶段0 此阶段为性能调试与验证阶段，时间是升空后的前两个月。2006年4月13日，AKARI拍摄升空后的第一张照片，对象是位于狐狸座反射星云IC 4954/4955[10]。
  • 阶段1 此阶段为巡天观测阶段，时间从2006年5月8日至11月8日。在这个阶段AKARI完成第一轮的全天巡天，大约有70％的天区至少观测了两次[11]。
  • 阶段2 此阶段AKARI继续进行第二轮巡天，并对一些重要的目标进行定点观测。定点观测中最重要的项目是对北黄极和大麦哲伦星系的多波段深度重点观测[12]。阶段2原本计划持续到AKARI的升空后大约500天液氦用尽为止，但2007年3月JAXA估计液氦至少可以用到9月9日并延长第二阶段的时间[13]。8月26日，AKARI搭载的液氦全部用尽，第二阶段结束。这次阶段已经有94％的天区至少观测了两次，同时对超过5000个目标进行定点观测[14]。
  • 阶段3 液氮用尽后AKARI无法继续进行中远红外观测，卫星只能使用机械制冷将温度维持在40K左右，只能使用IRC进行近红外波段的观测。此阶段将持续到卫星报废为止。

重要成果

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 赤外線天文衛星「あかり」（ASTRO-F）の運用終了について. JAXA. 24 November 2011 [24 November 2011]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-24） （日语）. 
  2. ^ Joseph Remis [@jremis]. Actual decay 04h44mn 26°N 49°W. (推文). 11 April 2023 –通过Twitter. 
  3. ^ AKARI赤外線天文衛星. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-04）. 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）. 
  5. ^ ASTRO-F Survey as Input Catalogues for FIRST. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-05）. 
  6. ^ AKARI: space infrared cooled telescope[永久失效連結]
  7. ^ ASTRO-F衛星期待される成果. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 
  8. ^ AKARI delivers its first images. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2010-09-16）. 
  9. ^ The AKARI MISSION. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2009-12-25）. 
  10. ^ 日AKARI望远镜已使用 传回首批高清照片. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）. 
  11. ^ AKARI’s view of Large Magellanic Cloud – star formation at work. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-04）. 
  12. ^ [1][永久失效連結]
  13. ^ 存档副本. [2010-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 
  14. ^ Infrared Exploration of Cold Space. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-31）. 
  15. ^ The release of the initial version AKARI infrared source catalogue. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 
  16. ^ A new insight to the dust processing in the supernova remnants. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 
  17. ^ AKARI observes the distant Universe. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 
  18. ^ Active star formation viewed from the outside: The peculiar spiral galaxy M101. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 
  19. ^ The mystery of missing dust. [2010-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）. 

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