黑人靈歌

黑人靈歌,或聖歌黑人聖歌(英語:SpiritualsNegro spirituals[1][2]通常是由非洲裔美國人創造的基督教歌曲。[3]靈歌本來是一種傳授基督教價值的歌頌傳統,同時也描述了奴隸制度下奴隸們的艱辛。[4]雖然靈歌原本是沒有伴奏清唱的單音(或合唱)的歌曲,但今天他們所統一安排的合唱最為人所知。這個獨特的美國歌曲歷史,現在被認為是一種獨特的音樂風格。[5]

術語和來源

“靈歌”一詞源自詹姆斯國王聖經以弗所書 5:19 的譯本中的“屬靈之歌”,其中說:“在詩篇,讚美詩和靈歌中自言自語,在你心中歌頌“主”。[6] 美國的奴隸之歌是非洲裔美國人聖歌的第一個主要集合,於1867年出版。

音樂學家喬治·普倫·傑克遜英语George Pullen Jackson把“靈歌”這個詞延伸到更廣泛的民間讚美詩中,就像他在1938年的書“南部高地的白色精神”一樣,但這似乎並沒有被廣泛使用。然而,這個詞經常被擴展到包括更多標準的歐洲美式讚美詩風格的後續安排,並且包括與原始非裔美國人精神風格相似的後解放歌曲。

雖然非洲裔美國人的靈歌中的許多節奏和聲音元素可以追溯到非洲的來源,但非洲裔美國人的靈歌是一種音樂形式,是土著的,並且是特定於美國非洲人及其後代的宗教經驗的音樂形式。它們是非洲音樂和宗教與歐洲音樂和宗教相互交叉作用的結果。[7] 而且,這種相互作用只發生在美國。在世界其他地區,即使在加勒比拉丁美洲,信仰基督教的非洲人也沒有演變出這種特殊形式。[8]

奴隸帶來了非洲文化傳統。他們的許多活動,從工作到敬拜都涉及音樂和舞蹈。然而,他們的歐洲主人們禁止了許多非洲傳統的崇拜形式,包括鼓樂和跳舞,因為他們被認為是“偶像崇拜”。奴隸被迫只能在隱居處表演他們的音樂。[9]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Negro Spiritual Singers. New Deal Network. [2015-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-29). 
  2. ^ 5th Annual Negro Spirituals Heritage Day. All About Jazz. 2008-06-16 [2015-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-18). 
  3. ^ Johnson, James Weldon; Johnson, J. Rosamond. The Books of American Negro Spirituals. Da Capo Press. 2009: 13, 17 –通过Google Scholar. The Spirituals are purely and solely the creation of the American Negro..." "When it came to the use of words, the maker of the song was struggling as best he could under his limitations in language and, perhaps, also under a misconstruction or misapprehension of the facts in his source of material, generally the Bible." "...this music which is America's only folk music... 
  4. ^ "Celebrating Black Music Month", National Museum of African American History and Culture. [2018-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-02). 
  5. ^ Why "Negro Spiritual"… A Note About Negro Spirituals. The "Negro Spiritual" Scholarship Foundation. [2015-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-07). In the United States we cannot seem to get enough of Negro spirituals; contemporary composers, arrangers and vocalists continue to explore and enliven this unique genre. 
  6. ^ 美國國會圖書館的“非裔美國人的聖歌”. [2018-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-13). 
  7. ^ Pitts, Walter F. (1996). Old Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0195111451.
  8. ^ Murray, Albert. Stomping the Blues. New York: Da Capo. 1976: 64–65. ISBN 0-306-80362-3. 
  9. ^ African American Spirituals. Online Text. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197495/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (Accessed January 26, 2018.)

Read other articles:

Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Arithmetic di en.wikipedia.org. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan penerjemahan ...

 

Gareth Thomas Ketua Partai Ko-operatifMasa jabatan10 Juli 2001 – 8 Juni 2019SekjenPeter Hunt Michael StephensonKarin ChristiansenClaire McCarthy PendahuluJim LeePenggantiAnna TurleyMenteri Bayangan untuk Pemerintahan LokalMasa jabatan7 Oktober 2016 – 15 Juni 2017PemimpinJeremy Corbyn PendahuluJabatan dibentukPenggantiJim McMahonMenteri Bayangan untuk EropaMasa jabatan8 Oktober 2013 – 20 Oktober 2014PemimpinEd Miliband PendahuluEmma ReynoldsPenggantiPat McFadde...

 

Firenze Rifredistazione ferroviariagià Rifredi LocalizzazioneStato Italia LocalitàFirenze Coordinate43°48′01″N 11°14′12″E / 43.800278°N 11.236667°E43.800278; 11.236667Coordinate: 43°48′01″N 11°14′12″E / 43.800278°N 11.236667°E43.800278; 11.236667 Altitudine55 m s.l.m. LineeFerrovia Maria AntoniaFerrovia LeopoldaBologna-Firenze (DD)Passante di Firenze StoriaStato attualein uso CaratteristicheTipostazione in superficie, passant...

Arena IndonesiaIndonesia Arena, Indoor Multifunction Stadium Informasi stadionPemilikPemerintah IndonesiaOperatorPusat Pengelolaan Kompleks Gelora Bung Karno (PPKGBK)LokasiLokasiGelora, Tanah Abang, Jakarta PusatTransportasi umumKRL Commuter Line:Palmerah (R)MRT Jakarta:Istora (M)BRT Transjakarta: Gelora Bung Karno (1 3F 6V 9C 10H)Senayan JCC (3F 9 9A 10H)Transjakarta Penyambung Stasiun Kereta: 1B, 1FKonstruksiMulai pembangunan2022Dibuka7 Agustus 2023; 7 bulan lalu (2023-08-07)Data tekni...

 

1986 studio album by Iron MaidenSomewhere in TimeStudio album by Iron MaidenReleased29 September 1986 (1986-09-29)[1]Recorded1986Studio Compass Point (Nassau, Bahamas) Wisseloord (Hilversum, Netherlands) GenreHeavy metalLength51:18LabelEMIProducerMartin BirchIron Maiden studio albums chronology Powerslave(1984) Somewhere in Time(1986) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son(1988) Singles from Somewhere in Time Wasted YearsReleased: 6 September 1986 Stranger in a Strange L...

 

Hot adult contemporary radio station in Houston Mix 96.5 redirects here. For the Biltmore Forest, North Carolina radio station, see WOXL-FM. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: KHMX – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)...

العلاقات العمانية الكورية الجنوبية سلطنة عمان كوريا الجنوبية   سلطنة عمان   كوريا الجنوبية تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات العمانية الكورية الجنوبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين سلطنة عمان وكوريا الجنوبية.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدي...

 

Cuisine of Andalusia, Spain Andalusian cuisine is the regional cuisine of Andalusia, Spain. Notable dishes include gazpacho, fried fish (often called pescaíto frito[1] in the local vernacular), the jamones of Jabugo, Valle de los Pedroches and Trevélez, and the wines of Jerez, particularly sherry. Culinary influences come from the historic Christian, Muslim, and Jewish traditions of the region.[2] The oldest known cookbook of Andalusian cuisine dates from the 14th century.&#...

 

För andra betydelser, se Volym (olika betydelser). VolymGrundläggandeDefinitionOmfattning av en tredimensionell kropp i rummetStorhetssymbol(er) V {\displaystyle V} EnheterSI-enhetm³SI-dimensionL3CGS-enhetcm³CGS-dimensionL3PlanckenhetPlanckvolymPlanckdimensionħ3/2·G3/2·c-9/2Angloamerikansk enhetcu.in., cu.ft., cu.yd., …Angloamerikansk dimensionL3 Volym är mätetalet för mängden tredimensionell rymd som omges av slutna gränser, till exempel, det utrymme som en substans (fast, flyt...

Someone imprisoned for their political activity Aung San Suu KyiNelson MandelaEmma GoldmanMahatma Gandhi A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention. There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although numerous similar definitions have been proposed by various organizations and scholars, and there is a general consensus among scholars that individuals ...

 

Anton MattleMattle pada 2015 Gubernur TirolPetahanaMulai menjabat 25 Oktober 2022PendahuluGünther PlatterPenggantiincumbent Informasi pribadiLahir(1963-03-10)10 Maret 1963Zams, AustriaPartai politikPartai Rakyat AustriaSunting kotak info • L • B Anton Mattle (l. 10 Maret 1963) adalah seorang politikus Austria dari Zams. Ia menggantikan Günther Platter sebagai pemimpin Partai Rakyat Austria (ÖVP) dan menjadi gubernur Tirol sejak 25 Oktober 2022.[1][2] Rujuk...

 

حميد المطبعي معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1942   النجف  الوفاة 16 أبريل 2018 (75–76 سنة)  النجف  مواطنة العراق  الحياة العملية المهنة موسوعي  [لغات أخرى]‏،  ومؤرخ،  وأديب،  وفيلسوف،  وكاتب  اللغات العربية  التيار وجودية  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   �...

Meja dan kursi dapur dari kayu Meja atau kenap (dari bahasa jawa) adalah sebuah mebel atau perabotan yang memiliki permukaan datar dan kaki-kaki sebagai penyangga, yang bentuk dan fungsinya bermacam-macam.[1] Meja digunakan untuk menaruh barang atau makanan. Meja umumnya dipasangkan dengan kursi atau bangku. Etimologi Lihat entri meja di kamus bebas Wiktionary. Kata meja adalah serapan dari bahasa Portugis, mesa.[2] Kata mesa sendiri berakar dari kata mensa dalam bahasa Latin....

 

Somaliland-related events during 2021 ← 2020 2019 2018 2021 in Somaliland → 2022 2023 2024 Decades: 2000s 2010s 2020s See also: History of Somaliland List of years in Somaliland Events in the year 2021 in Somaliland. Incumbents President: Muse Bihi Abdi Vice President: Abdirahman Saylici Speaker of the House: Bashe Mohamed Farah Chairman of Elders: Suleiman Mohamoud Adan Chief Justice: Adan Haji Ali Minister of Foreign Affairs: Essa Kayd Muse Bihi Abdi Abdirahman Saylici Events On...

 

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Savoia 1908. Unione Sportiva SavoiaStagione 1939-1940Sport calcio Squadra Savoia Allenatore Osvaldo Sacchi Presidente Bruno Salzano Serie C9º posto Coppa ItaliaSedicesimi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Di Reda, Risorti (28)Totale: Di Reda, Risorti (32) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Marcer (9)Totale: Abatematteo, Marcer (10) StadioCampo Formisano (5.000) 1938-1939 1940-1941 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le inform...

Justice ministry in France Ministry of JusticeMinistère de la JusticeIncumbentDidier Migaudsince 21 September 2024StyleMonsieur le ministreMember ofCouncil of MinistersReports toPresident of the Republicand to ParliamentResidenceHôtel de Bourvallais13, Place VendômeSeatParis 8e, FranceAppointerPresident of the RepublicTerm lengthNo fixed termRemains in office while commanding the confidence of the National Assembly and the President of the RepublicPrecursorChancellor of FranceFormatio...

 

Ottoman rabbiRabbiMoses ben Joseph di Tranidi Trani's grave in Safed Old Jewish CemeteryPersonalBornMoses ben Joseph di Trani1500Salonica, GreeceDied1580Safed, Ottoman EmpireReligionJudaismBuriedSafed Old Jewish Cemetery Moses ben Joseph di Trani (Hebrew: משה מטראני) the Elder, known by his acronym Mabit (Salonica, Rumelia Eyalet in Ottoman Greece 1500 – Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire 1580) was a 16th-century rabbi in Safed. His father had fled to Salonica from Apulia three years prior ...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento politici belgi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Paul-Henri SpaakPaul-Henri Spaak nel 1957 Segretario generale della NATODurata mandato16 maggio 1957 –21 aprile 1961 PredecessoreHastings Lionel Ismay SuccessoreDirk Stikker Primo Presidente dell'Assemblea comune europeaDurata mandato2...

5th Arkansas Cavalry RegimentActive1863–1865DisbandedMay 26, 1865Country Confederate StatesAllegiance ArkansasBranch ArmyTypeCavalrySizeRegimentMilitary unit The 5th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (1863–1865) was a Confederate Army cavalry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment was designated at various times as Newton's Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, Morgan's Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, 2nd Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, and the 8th Regiment Arkansas Cavalry.[1] This re...

 

Dutch chess player & mathematician Max EuweEuwe in 1963Full nameMachgielis EuweCountryNetherlandsBorn(1901-05-20)May 20, 1901Amsterdam, NetherlandsDiedNovember 26, 1981(1981-11-26) (aged 80)Amsterdam, NetherlandsTitleGrandmaster (1950)World Champion1935–37Peak rating2530 (May 1974)Peak rankingNo. 50 (May 1974)President of FIDEIn office1970–1978Preceded byFolke RogardSucceeded byFridrik Olafsson Machgielis Max Euwe (Dutch: [ˈøːʋə];[1] May 20, 19...