高大全

文革时期的样板戏之一《沙家浜》

高大全是中国大陆文革时期的一种文学艺术作品创作理论，常与“三突出”、“红光亮”共同使用，意为小说、绘画、电影与戏剧等文学艺术作品中的主人公需要形象高大而且完美无缺[1][2][3]。

历史

高大全理论的产生与江青、姚文元以及时任文化部长于会泳有密切关系，后来成为文革时期的文艺指导原则之一[4]；文革时期的许多文学作品以及样板戏都受这些思想的影响[5]。

高大全理论源自以毛泽东为题的作品，该理论要求文学艺术作品中的主人公要是形象高大、没有缺点的完人；如电影《金光大道》中的主角“高大泉”（为“高大全”的谐音）就是一例[1][6]。另外被认为体现此思想的作品有雕塑《农奴愤》[3]、样板戏《沙家浜》[7]以至油画《毛主席视察广东农村》等[6]。

文革结束后，高大全理论受到批判，文学艺术作品也开始脱离高大全理论的影响[2][8][9]；例如70年代后期出現「伤痕美术」现象，为对文革时代及社会现实的揭示及反思。[2]

同时期台湾因处于戒严时期，部分战争题材的电影也存在与高大全相似的明显人为修造痕迹[10]。

评论

文革时期宣传画等美术作品也深受高大全、三突出、红光亮等理论的影响[11]

段善策在《破曉將至：中國電影研究》中评论道，高大全、“近大亮”的主人公以及与高大全对应的反面人物“远小黑”，造成了人物描绘的扁平化、单一化[12]。高建平指出，在文革时期的政治高压下，许多文学作品受高大全理论的影响，令刻画出的人物虚假、单薄[13]。

另一方面，刘润为的评论认为文革后部分文艺作品为避免高大全的模式，出现了刻意“躲避崇高”，过度赞扬“游戏人间”的生活方式或夸大人性丑恶面的倾向[14]。法律学者郝铁川曾流露出对高大全创作模式的怀念[7]。

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 李振杰; 白玉崑. 中国报刊新词语. 华语敎學出版社. 1987: 59 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-0-8351-1884-2. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 王淨. 氣韻生動：中國油畫藝術及其寫意性研究. 崧博出版. 1 May 2019: 56 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-957-735-780-9. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 邹跃进. 新中国美术史, 1949-2000. 湖南美术出版社. 2002: 145 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-7-5356-1811-5. （原始内容存档于2020-07-22）. 
  4. ^ 傅谨. 新中国戏剧史. 湖南美术出版社. 2002: 148. ISBN 978-7-5356-1808-5. 
  5. ^ 20世纪中国文学通史. 東方出版中心. 2003: 1 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-7-80186-097-2. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 陈履生. 革命的时代 ——延安以来的主题创作研究. 人民美术出版社. [2020-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-15）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 中国年度文坛纪事. 漓江出版社. 1999: 144 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-7-5407-2520-4. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）. 
  8. ^ 华人文化世界. 天津海外联谊会. 2001: 51 [2020-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-19）. 
  9. ^ 戴敦邦. 画外之言. 上海书店出版社. 2007. ISBN 978-7-80678-760-1. 
  10. ^ 启之. 文革电影（1966—1976）：一个制度与观念的历史（二）. Remembering Publishing, LLC. 24 February 2020: 46 [2020-07-15]. GGKEY:8A1Q4UTR3PK. （原始内容存档于2020-09-29）. 
  11. ^ 新华月报. 新华月报社. 2010: 117 [2020-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-22）. 
  12. ^ 段善策. 破曉將至: 中國電影研究（1977-1979）. 獨立作家－新銳文創. 2019-08-01: 43 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-957-8924-59-8. （原始内容存档于2020-07-22）. 
  13. ^ 高建平. 中国中外文艺理论研究.2013. 2014: 436 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-7-5161-4600-2. （原始内容存档于2020-08-10）. 
  14. ^ 刘润为. 文艺批判. 安徽人民出版社. 2008: 54 [2020-07-15]. ISBN 978-7-212-03328-6. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）. 

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