食魚動物

北方水蛇英语Northern water snakeNerodia sipedon)。

食魚動物piscivore/ˈpɪsɪvɔːr/)是指以魚類為主食的肉食動物。魚類為早期四足類(兩棲類)的主食,再來為食蟲動物,直到演化爬蟲類才出現草食性動物[1]

某些動物如海獅短吻鱷並不完全以魚類為食,同樣也會捕捉水中的無脊椎動物或是陸地生物。但有些動物如兔唇蝠科的蝙蝠、恆河鱷則完全只以魚類為食。另外有些動物,如章魚魷魚蜘蛛鯊魚鯨豚灰熊美洲豹烏龜海鷗等,也會捕捉魚類為食,但僅占所有食物來源的一部分而已。

食魚動物能夠幫助將一個生態系統的能量移轉至另一個生態系統,。在阿拉斯加一帶的灰熊鮭魚為食,而進食後排放在森林的糞便與鮭魚的殘骸,可以將來自海洋的高價值養份(包括大量的以及)帶到溪邊的林地中,滋養當地其他的動植物;藉此將海洋生態系統的養分傳遞至森林生態系統湖泊生態系統溪流生態系統之中。[2]

食魚動物英文 piscivorepisci 字首來自拉丁文 piscis ,意思為「魚」。

現存的食魚動物範例

已絕種的食魚動物範例

部分已絕種的動物透過化石的狀態分析得以認定其為食魚動物,甚至部分種類直接保留了以魚類為主食的直接證據。

雙頜鯡英语DiplomystusDiplomystus dentatus
  • 重爪龍(一種顱骨形似鱷魚的恐龍,在其化石胃部的位置曾發現鱗齒魚屬英语lepidotes魚類的鱗片化石)[5]
  • 棘龍(為重爪龍的近親,且其吻端具有力學感受器,可以感知水中獵物的游動)[5][6]
  • 薄煎餅鱷(其扁平的頭部被認為適合咬住並吞噬不經意游過的魚類,就像現存的扁鯊[7]
  • 無齒翼龍(其喙上與胃中留有魚類的殘骸)[8]
  • 薄板龍(薄板龍擁有長頸、立體視覺與尖牙,適合突入魚群並精準咬住目標,且其化石中曾發現魚的鱗片與牙齒)[9]
  • 劍射魚(一具4公尺長的劍射魚標本在其胃中保有一條長1.8公尺的鰓腺魚[10]
  • 鳥掌翼龍(尤其顎部與牙齒構造分析其為食魚動物)

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Sahney, S., Benton, M. J. & Falcon-Lang, H. J. Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica (PDF). Geology. 2010, 38 (12): 1079–1082 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. (原始内容存档于2011-10-11). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska (PDF). Ecosystems. 2006, 9 (2): 167–180 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-04-26). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Bright, Michael. The private life of sharks : the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2000. ISBN 0-8117-2875-7. [页码请求]
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Hart, Paul. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148: Blackwell Publishing. 2002: 267–283. ISBN 0632054123. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Sereno, Paul C.; Beck, Allison L.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Gado, Boubacar; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Lyon, Gabrielle H.; Marcot, Jonathan D.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Sadleir, Rudyard W.; Sidor, Christian A.; Varricchio, David D.; Wilson, Gregory P.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science. 1998, 282 (5392): 1298–302. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1298S. PMID 9812890. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298. 
  6. ^ Dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Cioffi, A. A neurovascular cavity within the snout of the predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus. 1st International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. 26 May 2009 [22 September 2010]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-11). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ Devlin, Hannah. Meet Boar, Rat and Pancake: the ancient, giant crocodiles found in Sahara. Times Online. November 20, 2009. [失效連結]
  8. ^ Bennett, S.C. The Pterosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk. The Earth Scientist. 1994, 11 (1): 22–25. 
  9. ^ Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America, Part I. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1869, 14: 44–55 [2018-06-02]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60482. (原始内容存档于2017-11-08). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  10. ^ Xiphactinus audax Leidy. [2018-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2009-10-30). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

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