虽然这种症状通常会让父母感到震惊,但大多数原因都是良性的,尽管性虐待或肿瘤尤其需要关注。可能有必要通过麻醉下检查(EUA,examination under anesthesia)排除阴道异物或肿瘤,尽管专为办公室宫腔镜检查设计的仪器有时可用于表面麻醉的儿童进行办公室阴道镜检查,从而无需镇静或全身麻醉和手术室时间。 [14]
国际妇产科联合会(International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO)制定了更具体的临床指南,称为PALM-COEIN系统,用于对异常子宫出血的原因进行分类。[15]该缩写词代表息肉、腺肌病、子宫肌瘤、恶性肿瘤和增生、凝血病、排卵障碍、子宫内膜疾病、医源性原因以及未分类。在国际专家的意见下,FIGO月经失调小组建议对异常出血进行简化描述,放弃诸如月经过多、异常子宫出血 等不精确的术语,转而采用简单的词汇描述阴道出血。出血的周期规律、频率、持续时间和量。 [16]
^Aprile, Anna; Ranzato, Cristina; Rizzotto, Melissa Rosa; Arseni, Alessia; Da Dalt, Liviana; Facchin, Paola. "Vaginal" bleeding in prepubertal age: A rare scaring riddle, a case of the urethral prolapse and review of the literature. Forensic Science International. 2011, 210 (1–3): e16–e20. PMID 21592695. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.017(英语).
^Munro, Malcolm G.; Critchley, Hilary O.D.; Fraser, Ian S. The FIGO classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years. Fertility and Sterility. 2011, 95 (7): 2204–2208.e3. PMID 21496802. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.079(英语).[查证请求]
^Fraser, Ian S.; Critchley, Hilary O. D.; Munro, Malcolm G.; Broder, Michael; Writing Group for this Menstrual Agreement Process. A process designed to lead to international agreement on terminologies and definitions used to describe abnormalities of menstrual bleeding. Fertility and Sterility. 2007, 87 (3): 466–476. ISSN 1556-5653. PMID 17362717. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.023.[查证请求]
^ 18.018.1Abbott, Jason A. Adenomyosis and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB-A)—Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2017, 40: 68–81. PMID 27810281. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.006(英语).Abbott, Jason A. (2017). "Adenomyosis and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB-A)—Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 40: 68–81. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.006. PMID27810281 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
^ 19.019.1James, Andra H.; Kouides, Peter A.; Abdul-Kadir, Rezan; Edlund, Mans; Federici, Augusto B.; Halimeh, Susan; Kamphuisen, Pieter W.; Konkle, Barbara A.; Martínez-Perez, Oscar. Von Willebrand disease and other bleeding disorders in women: consensus on diagnosis and management from an international expert panel. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009, 201 (1): 12.e1–12.e8. PMID 19481722. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.024(英语).
^Zia, Ayesha; Rajpurkar, Madhvi. Challenges of diagnosing and managing the adolescent with heavy menstrual bleeding. Thrombosis Research. 2016, 143: 91–100. PMID 27208978. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2016.05.001(英语).
^Talwar, P. P.; Dingfelder, J. R.; Ravenholt, R. T. Increased risk of breakthrough bleeding when one oral-contraceptive tablet is missed. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977-05-26, 296 (21): 1236–1237. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 854070. doi:10.1056/NEJM197705262962122.
^Snell, BJ. Assessment and management of bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy.. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. Nov–Dec 2009, 54 (6): 483–91. PMID 19879521. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.08.007.
^ 32.032.1Morrison, LJ; Spence, JM. Vaginal Bleeding in the Nonpregnant Patient. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (New York City: McGraw-Hill). 2011.