铃木反应

铃木反应
命名根据 铃木章
反应类型 偶联反应
标识
有机化学网站对应网页 铃木偶联
RSC序号 RXNO:0000140

鈴木反应(日语:鈴木反応,英語:Suzuki reaction),也称作鈴木偶联反应(日语:鈴木カップリング、英語:Suzuki coupling)、鈴木-宮浦反应(日语:鈴木・宮浦反応,英語:Suzuki-Miyaura reaction),是一个有机偶联反应,是在配合物催化下,芳基烯基硼酸硼酸酯芳烃烯烃发生交叉偶联。[1][2]

该反应由鈴木章(日语:鈴木 章すずき あきら Suzuki Akira)在1979年首先报道,在有机合成中的用途很广,具有很强的底物适应性及官能团耐受性,常用于合成多烯烃苯乙烯联苯的衍生物,从而应用于众多天然产物、有机材料的合成中[3][4][5]。鈴木章也憑藉此貢獻與理查德·赫克根岸英一共同獲得2010年诺贝尔化学奖[6]

鈴木反应

2018年,鈴木反应被成功地转移到异相体系中进行。[7]

概述

鈴木反应对官能团的耐受性非常好,反应物可以带着-CHO-COCH3、-COOC2H5-OCH3-CN-NO2-F等官能团进行反应而不受影响。反应有选择性,不同卤素、以及不同位置的相同卤素进行反应的活性可能有差别,三氟甲磺酸酯重氮盐、碘鎓盐或芳基盐和芳基硼酸也可以进行反应,活性顺序如下:

R2-I > R2-OTf > R2-Br >> R2-Cl

另一个广泛应用的底物是芳基硼酸,由芳基锂格氏试剂与烷基硼酸酯反应制备(见宮浦硼酸化反应宮浦反应)。这些化合物对空气和水蒸气比较稳定,容易储存。鈴木反应靠一个四配位催化剂催化,广泛使用的催化剂为Pd(PPh3)4(0)与PdCl2(dppf),其他的配体还有:AsPh3n-Bu3P、(MeO)3P,以及双齿配体Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2(dppe)、Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2(dppp)等。 (以上的所有Pd配体都是厌氧的,因此反应必须在氮气,氩气等惰性气体下反应)。[8]

鈴木反应中的也有很多选择,最常用的是碳酸钠碳酸铯醋酸钾磷酸钾等。 碱金属碳酸盐中,活性顺序为:

Cs2CO3 > K2CO3 > Na2CO3 > Li2CO3

而且,加入氟离子(F)会与芳基硼酸形成氟硼酸盐负离子,可以促进硼酸盐中间体与钯中心的反应。 因此,氟化四丁基铵氟化铯氟化钾等化合物都会使反应速率加快,甚至可以代替反应中使用的碱。

机理

反应机理见下图。首先卤代烃2与零价钯进行氧化加成,与碱作用生成强亲电性的有机钯中间体4[9]。同时芳基硼酸与碱作用生成酸根型配合物四价硼酸盐中间体6,具亲核性,与4作用生成8。最后8还原消除,得到目标产物9以及催化剂1

鈴木反应机理
鈴木反应机理

氧化加成一步,用乙烯基卤反应时生成构型保持的产物,但用烯丙基苄基卤反应则生成构型翻转的产物[10]。这一步首先生成的是顺式的钯配合物,而后立即转变为反式的异构体。[11]

还原消除得到的是构型保持的产物[12]

讨论

对于一些SP3杂化的烷基硼或者硼酸化合物,同样可以发生反应称为硼-烷基铃木-宫浦交叉耦联反应。 与鈴木偶联相比它有若干缺点:1.反应进程慢;2.自身耦联副产物较多;3.和磷配体耦联的副产物多;4.可能会造成手性消旋或者羟醛缩和反应。[13][14][15][16][17]

展望

铃木-宫浦交叉耦联在有机合成当中的最新应用已经被Kotha和同事归纳。[18]SPhos(一種有机膦配体)参与反應,其催化剂的用量聲稱可以降低至0.001 mol%。[19]

Suzuki Reaction Catalyst Loading Barder 2005

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Miyaura, N. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1979, 3437.
  2. ^ Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Commun. 1979, 866.
  3. ^ 反应综述参见:Suzuki, A. Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419-422. (Review)
  4. ^ Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457-2483. doi:10.1021/cr00039a007
  5. ^ Suzuki, A. J. Organometallic Chem. 1999, 576, 147–168.
  6. ^ Akira Suzuki - Biographical. Nobelprize.org. 2010-10-06 [2011-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-12). 
  7. ^ Chen, Zupeng; Vorobyeva, Evgeniya; Mitchell, Sharon; Fako, Edvin; Ortuño, Manuel A.; López, Núria; Collins, Sean M.; Midgley, Paul A.; Richard, Sylvia; Vilé, Gianvito; Pérez-Ramírez, Javier. A heterogeneous single-atom palladium catalyst surpassing homogeneous systems for Suzuki coupling. Nature Nanotechnology. 2018-08, 13 (8): 702–707. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0167-2. 
  8. ^ 邢其毅等。《基础有机化学》第三版下册.北京:高等教育出版社,2005年.ISBN 978-7-04-017755-8
  9. ^ Matos, Karl; Soderquist, John A. Alkylboranes in the Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling: Stereochemical and Mechanistic Studies. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1998-02, 63 (3): 461–470. doi:10.1021/jo971681s. 
  10. ^ Stille, John K.; Lau, Kreisler S. Y. Mechanisms of oxidative addition of organic halides to Group 8 transition-metal complexes. Accounts of Chemical Research. 1977-12-01, 10 (12): 434–442. doi:10.1021/ar50120a002. 
  11. ^ Casado, A. L.; Espinet, P. Organometallics 1998, 17, 954–959.
  12. ^ Ridgway, Brian H.; Woerpel, K. A. Transmetalation of Alkylboranes to Palladium in the Suzuki Coupling Reaction Proceeds with Retention of Stereochemistry. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1998-02, 63 (3): 458–460. doi:10.1021/jo970803d. 
  13. ^ Littke, A. F., Fu, G. C. A convenient and general method for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-couplings of aryl chlorides and arylboronic acids. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 37, 3387-3388.
  14. ^ Wolfe, J. P., Singer, R. A., Yang, B. H., Buchwald, S. L. Highly Active Palladium Catalysts for Suzuki Coupling Reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9550-9561.
  15. ^ Netherton, M. R., Dai, C., Neuschuetz, K., Fu, G. C. Room-Temperature Alkyl-Alkyl Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Bromides that Possess β Hydrogens. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 10099-10100.
  16. ^ Kirchhoff, J. H., Dai, C., Fu, G. C. A method for palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of simple alkyl chlorides: Suzuki reactions catalyzed by [Pd2(dba)3]/PCy3. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2002, 41, 1945-1947.
  17. ^ Molander, G. A., Bernardi, C. R. Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions of Potassium Alkenyltrifluoroborates. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 8424-8429.
  18. ^ Recent applications of the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in organic synthesis Sambasivarao Kotha, Kakali Lahiri and Dhurke Kashinath Tetrahedron 2002, 48, 9633-9695 doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(02)01188-2
  19. ^ Catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Processes: Scope and Studies of the Effect of Ligand Structure Timothy E. Barder, Shawn D. Walker, Joseph R. Martinelli, and Stephen L. Buchwald J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2005, 127, 4685-4696 doi:10.1021/ja042491j

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