超級氣泡

甚大望遠鏡拍攝在大麥哲倫星系內的超級氣泡LHA 120-N44的影像。創建者：ESO/ Manu Mejias。

超級氣泡是天文學的術語，用來描述橫越數百光年，被數顆超新星和恆星風充滿了106 K氣體的空洞。太陽系就位在一個古老的，被稱為本地泡的超級氣泡的中心，它的邊界在數百光年的距離之外，可以追蹤使恆星消光的塵埃突然增加的區域來界定。

形成

質量最大的恆星，質量的範圍從8倍太陽質量至大約100倍太陽質量，和經常聚集成OB星協，在光譜類型為O和早期的B型恆星。巨型的O型恆星有強大的恆星風，並且這些恆星會以超新星的爆炸結束它們的生命。

最強烈的恆星風釋放的動能高達1051 爾格（1044 J），相當於一顆超新星的爆炸。這些恆星風可以吹出直徑數十光年的恆星風泡 [1]。 同樣的，超新星的爆炸驅動的爆炸波可以達到更大的空間，並以每秒钟數百公里的速度向外擴張。.

OB星協中的恆星不會受到重力的束縛，但是會以大約20 km s-1的速度在最強大的恆星風泡內相互漂離。結果是，大多數的超新星爆炸都發生在這些恆星風泡雕琢出來的空洞之內[2][3]。它們從未形成可以看見的超新星殘骸，反而以高效率將它們的能量以聲波的型式置入高熱的內部。足夠大的超級氣泡可以穿越整個星系盤吹送過來，釋放它們的能量進入周圍的星系暈，甚至是星系團內介質中[4][5]。

被超級氣泡清除的星際氣體冷卻後，會形成密度較高的殼包圍在空洞的周圍。這些殼最初是在21公分波長的氫譜線觀測中被發現的[6]，導致超級氣泡形成的理論的公式化。它們也觀察到了來自內部高溫氣體的X射線，來自離子殼層的可見光和從殼層上清掃出塵埃的連續性的紅外線輻射。X射線和人類可以看見的可見光輻射是較年輕的超級氣泡典型的輻射，而21公分波長的輻射則來自更大、更老的對象，甚至是多個超級氣泡的結合，並且有時為了區別它們而稱之為超級殼層。

超級氣泡的例子

圖片庫

Superbubble LHA 120-N 44 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
甚大望遠鏡大麥哲倫星雲中的超級氣泡LHA 120-N 44（英语：N44 (emission nebula)）圖像。 圖片來源：ESO/Manu Mejias。
Side-on 3D view of the Per-Tau Shell, giant structure forming star-forming molecular clouds (with Sun
Per-Tau 殼，一個巨大的恆星形成球殼，其邊緣有英仙座和金牛座分子云。[15][16]
Local Bubble
本地泡，一个约 1,000 光年宽、约 14 Myr 年龄的古老超级气泡，正在驱动附近几乎所有近期的太阳附近的恆星形成。[17][18]
Henize N70 Superbubble Nebula
超級氣泡 Henize N70 的業餘圖像。 圖片來源：Dylan O'Donnell，根據 知識共享公共領域許可 分發。

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ Castor, J.; McCray, R., & Weaver, R. Interstellar Bubbles. Astrophys. J. (Letters). 1975, 200: L107–L110. doi:10.1086/181908. 
  2. ^ Tomisaka, K.; Habe, A., & Ikeuchi, S. Sequential explosions of supernovae in an OB association and formation of a superbubble. Astrophys. Space Sci. 1981, 78: 273–285 [2009-05-17]. doi:10.1007/BF00648941. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）. 
  3. ^ McCray, R.; Kafatos, M. Supershells and Propagating Star Formation. Astrophys. J. 1987, 317: 190–196 [2009-05-17]. doi:10.1086/165267. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）. 
  4. ^ Tomisaka, K.; Ikeuchi, S. Evolution of superbubble driven by sequential supernova explosions in a plane-stratified gas distribution. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 1986, 38: 697–715 [2009-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）. 
  5. ^ Mac Low, M.-M.; McCray, R. Superbubbles in Disk Galaxies. Astrophys. J. 1988, 324: 776–785 [2009-05-17]. doi:10.1086/165936. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）. 
  6. ^ Heiles, C. H I shells and supershells. Astrophys. J. 1979, 229: 533–544 [2009-05-17]. doi:10.1086/156986. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22）. 
  7. ^ Henize 70:在大麥哲倫星系中的一個超級氣泡 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），1999年11月30日的每日一天文圖
  8. ^ Monogem Ring （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
  9. ^ A Cosmic Superbubble. ESO Photo Release. [20 July 2011]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-30）. 
  10. ^ N44 Superbubble （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Astronomy Picture of the Day
  11. ^ Yurii Pidopryhora, Felix J. Lockman, and Joseph C. Shields. The Ophiuchus Superbubble: A Gigantic Eruption from the Inner Disk of the Milky Way （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Astrophysical Journal 656:2, 928-942 (2007)
  12. ^ Huge 'Superbubble' of Gas Blowing Out of Milky Way. PhysOrg.com. 2006-01-13 [2008-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-15）. 
  13. ^ STIS and GHRS Observations of Warm and Hot Gas Overlying the Scutum Supershell (GS 018−04+44 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Astrophysical Journal
  14. ^ Observational Evidence of Supershell Blowout in GS 018-04+44: The Scutum Supershell （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 532, Issue 2, pp. 943-969.
  15. ^ 'Superbubble' region of star formation was created by supernovae, study suggests. Physics World. 11 October 2021 [18 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-12）. 
  16. ^ Bialy, Shmuel; Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa; Foley, Michael M.; Alves, João; Semenov, Vadim A.; Benjamin, Robert; Leike, Reimar; Enßlin, Torsten. The Per-Tau Shell: A Giant Star-forming Spherical Shell Revealed by 3D Dust Observations. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1 September 2021, 919 (1): L5. Bibcode:2021ApJ...919L...5B. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 237581543. arXiv:2109.09763 可免费查阅. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac1f95 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  17. ^ 1,000-light-year Wide Bubble Surrounding Earth Is Source Of All Nearby, Young Stars - SCIENMAG: Latest Science And Health News. 12 January 2022 [12 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-22）. 
  18. ^ Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Alves, João; Bialy, Shmuel; Foley, Michael; Speagle, Joshua S.; Großschedl, Josefa; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Burkert, Andreas; Khimey, Diana; Swiggum, Cameren. Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble. Nature. January 2022, 601 (7893): 334–337. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..334Z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35022612. S2CID 245906333. arXiv:2201.05124 可免费查阅. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04286-5 （英语）. 

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