科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 单子叶植物 Monocots
目: 天門冬目 Asparagales
科: 石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae
属: 葱属 Allium
亚属: 洋葱亚属 Cepa
组: 朝鲜韭组 Sacculiferum
种:
A. chinense
二名法
Allium chinense
G.Don, 1827
異名[2]
次异名
  • Allium bakeri
    Regel, 1875
  • Allium bodinieri
    H.Lév. & Vaniot, 1905
  • Allium exsertum
    G.Don, 1827
  • Allium exsertum
    Baker , 1874(非法名)
  • Allium martini
    H.Lév. & Vaniot, 1905
  • Allium splendens
    Miq., 1867(非法名)
  • Caloscordum exsertum
    (G.Don) Herb., 1847

「薤」,拼音xiè注音ㄒㄧㄝˋ学名Allium chinense),古老的名字叫做「藠頭」,在台灣稱為「蕗蕎」,香港叫「清明菜」,为五辛之一。分布在柬埔寨越南日本台灣美国老挝以及中国大陆长江流域和以南各省区等地,生长于海拔700米至2,700米的地区。目前已人工引种栽培,並常製作為醃菜,是越南新年时食品之一[3]

名稱

有多種名稱,包括藠頭(俗寫「蕎頭」,「藠」,拼音jiào或xiào注音ㄐㄧㄠˋ或ㄒㄧㄠˋ[4]粤音kiu2)、薙頭蕗蕎小蒜薤白頭野蒜野韭等。

台灣

台灣稱之為「蕗蕎」(臺羅lōo-giō[5])、「藠頭」(「藠」,注音ㄐㄧㄠˋ),阿美族稱之為「蔥」,族語稱為「lakiu」(從日語或臺灣閩南語引入)[6]:96

中國大陆

昆明话裡把醃過後,半透明的薤稱為藠頭(音『叫』),是當地特色醃菜之一;

而薤在内蒙山西等地称为薤薤(俗寫為「害害」)。

日本

稱之為「辣韭」(日语:らっきょう羅馬化Rakkyo),漢字也寫作「良京」。

形态

薤为多年生宿根草本植物,一般作二年生栽培,基生数枚,半圆柱状线形,有不明显3-5棱,中空,葉鞘抱合成假莖,基部形成粗的鱗莖。鳞茎狭卵形,外觀初看似小型蒜頭(大蒜),故名小蒜,剖開來環形結構似洋葱,呈白色,是主要的食用部分。秋季九至十月抽花莖,伞状花序顶生,花小呈紫紅色。

「葉狀似,但又如般中空,中央有稜線;鱗莖似」,具有諸多蔥屬植物特徵是的特色。

產地

原产中国,《漢書·龔逐傳》就有记载。目前中国南方諸省都有种植,北方人较少食薤。江西省新建縣生米镇中華人民共和国农业部命名「中国藠头之乡」。

台灣的薤來源有兩種講法,一為原住民移民時傳來;另一說為漢人自中國大陸傳入[7]。現為零星種植,其中栽植較大規模者包括雲林縣古坑鄉嘉義縣阿里山鄉臺南市白河區,以及花蓮縣壽豐鄉月眉村與光復鄉阿美族部落,多在原住民部落才見得到[6]:96

黄帝内经·素问》有“五菜为充”语,王冰注:“谓葵、藿、薤、葱、韭也。”《灵枢经·五味》又说:“葵甘,韭酸,藿咸,薤苦,葱辛。”

歷史

中国古代最著名的輓歌《薤露》,起源於漢代,至少沿唱至唐代

僅四句:「薤上露,何易晞,露晞明朝更復落,人死一去何時歸?」

食用方法

日式咖哩中的醃薤白泡菜(右邊球形者)

華人地區以漬、漬鱗莖作為清脆口感的醃菜為多;亦可炒食。

源於日式的料理方法則包括:生蕗藠切片涼拌、日式炸物(沾粉去炸)、蕗藠炒、清炒、蕗藠炒、蕗藠炒豬肉、什錦蕗藠煎餅、雞肉芙蓉蕗藠蛋、海帶拌蕗藠、蕗藠海鮮義大利麵、蕗藠滑菇等等。

中醫學藥效

藥用部位同食用部位,採白色鱗莖,稱為薤白。然而在中國大陸又稱另一種近緣植物小根蒜為「薤白」,也做同樣用途,易生混淆。[8]

性味與歸經

味辛、苦,性溫。入大腸等經。

功效

功能行氣止痛、理氣寬胸、通陽散結;以上能溫通胸陽而散陰寒之結,治療胸痹而痛、喘促等證;以下能通滯行氣,治療下痢腹痛等證。

胸痹代表方為栝蔞薤白白酒湯栝蔞薤白半夏湯枳实薤白桂枝汤,出典於《傷寒雜病論桂林古本》卷十五「辨胸痹病脈證並治」篇,以及後世本《金匱要略》「胸痹心痛短氣病脈證治第九」篇。

采矿学

酉陽雜俎》卷十六有探礦原理:“山上有蔥,下有銀;山上有,下有金;山上有薑,下有銅錫;山上有寶玉,木旁枝皆下垂。”比十八世紀德國的採礦化學家约翰·弗里德里希·漢克爾德语J.F.Henckel在《含鉛植物》中記載早了九個世紀。

相關條目

参考文献

  1. ^ Brummitt, N. Allium chinense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013, 2013: e.T44392537A44396666 [18 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T44392537A44396666.en可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ Allium chinense G.Don页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In: The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) [2017-2-26].
  3. ^ 昆明植物研究所. 蕌头. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2016-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-17). 
  5. ^ 蕗蕎—台灣閩南語常用詞辭典. 中華民國教育部. [2020-04-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-18). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 吳雪月著. 台灣新野菜主義. 天下遠見. 2006年. 
  7. ^ 蕗蕎. 行政院農委會 原住民農產業主題館. [2021-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-11) (中文(臺灣)). 
  8. ^ 昆明植物研究所. 薤白. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·薤部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成
维基文库中的相关文本:植物名實圖考·薤》,出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》

外部連結


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