1716 年在倫敦沒署名出版的小冊子,首次在英語中用「onanism」指代自慰,標題為《俄南之罪,或自渎的可恥罪惡,與該行為對兩性造成的嚴重後果,以及在身心兩方面對受害人的建議》(Onania, or the Heinous Sin of self-Pollution, And All Its Frightful Consequences, In Both Sexes, Considered: With Spiritual and Physical Advice To Those Who Have Already Injured Themselves By This Abominable Practice)[15]。它斥罵自慰為罪和惡習。尤其是針對「自渎」的「可憎」,並嚴重警告沉溺於自慰會患上:
在1743-1745年,英國醫生羅伯特·詹姆斯(英语:Robert James (physician))出版的《醫學辭典》(A Medicinal Dictionary)中這樣形容自慰「這是人們羞於啟齒的一種惡習,會導致通常無法醫治的惡疾。」並強調「大概沒有一種罪惡像自慰一樣引來這麽多可怕的後果」。[18]
E·G·懷特(英语:Ellen G. White)的丈夫詹姆斯·斯普林格·懷特(英语:James Springer White)在1870年所著的《鄭重呼籲與孤獨的罪惡對立,和婚姻關係中的虐待和胡作非為》(A Solemn Appeal Relative to Solitary Vice, and the Abuses and Excesses of the Marriage Relation)中寫到,我們發現:
1852年出生的醫生約翰·哈維·凱洛格(英语:John Harvey Kellogg),是一個特別熱心的反自慰倡導者。凱洛格曾發出許多作為醫療參考來源的聲稱,如「無論是瘟疫、戰爭、天花或其他類似疾病所產生的後果都沒人以自慰作習慣般那麼有害」,這被亞當·克拉克博士(Dr. Adam Clarke)所記載。在凱洛格自己的發言中,他強烈警告這一種習慣,聲稱自慰與死亡相關「如一個受害者確確實實地被自己的手弄死」,其他的譴責之中,凱洛格相信「自渎」(solitary-vice)會引起子宮癌、泌尿系統疾病、夢遺、陽痿、癲癇、精神錯亂和身心衰弱-「視力模糊」僅簡要提及。在《老人和年輕人的明顯事實》(Plain Facts for Old and Young)中,凱洛格發表關於性的罪惡的警告。644頁中有97頁針對「自渎」及它的症狀和後果,詳列39種自慰導致的病徵。他建議以包緊或捆綁孩子的手、利用鐵套包住他們的生殖器、把包皮扣住並施予電擊、不需麻醉的包皮環切術的方式去治療「自渎」。為了防止它的發生,他建議家長首先要教孩子避免接觸其生殖器;當他們更成熟的時候,告知他們「會造成的惡果」。他還警告父母要反對「邪惡的組織」和「邪惡或無知」的護士,其會孩子為手淫,以使他們安靜[28]
。
康德認為自慰是違反道德律。在他於1797年的道德形上學探本(英语:The Metaphysics of Morals),做了一个歸納「這樣(自慰)是一個人的性別特性的不自然利用」「每個人关於自慰的思想」都是「褻瀆自己的責任」,並認为它本身,甚至給它一个的正式名稱,都應被視為不道德(不像同樣被視為不負責任的自殺般)。不過,他接著說,他承認「不是那麼容易產生『不自然利用』的合理論證」但最終的結論是,它事實上是不道德的,說:「當一個人使用自己的動物本能僅僅作為一種滿足手段……他已經放棄自己的個性。」[29]
在同一时间,女性患上歇斯底里(hysteria,從希臘語「子宫」(hystera or uterus)演變而來)的醫療處方是要其自慰,包括使用最早期的按摩棒及以安慰劑藥膏摩擦其生殖器[38]。
在20世紀初因哈維洛克·艾利斯於1897年所寫下的《性心理研究》(the Psychology of Sex),醫學界對自慰的態度開始改變,他在質疑蒂索的前提下,把該時代自慰的名人指出,然後去反駁每個據稱是自慰導致的疾病。他在書中寫下「一般性的結論」「有節制的自慰對健康的人而言,並不会對健康造成嚴重損害。」[39]
Masturbation: The History of a Great Terror by Jean Stengers [52]
The Big Book of Masturbation: From Angst to Zeal by Martha Cornog [53]
Solitary Pleasures: The Historical, Literary and Artistic Discourses of Autoeroticism by Paula Bennett and Vernon Rosario [54]
參考來源
引用
^Sex and Society. Marshall Cavendish Reference Books. 2010: 513 [2016-07-25]. ISBN 978-0-7614-7905-5. (原始内容存档于2021-04-05). Masturbation in Ancient Cultures Masturbation has been depicted in ancient rock paintings in different cultures around the world.
^"The Ħaġar Qim woman is... masturbating, with one hand languidly supporting her head. Taylor, Timothy. Uncovering the prehistory of sex. British Archaeology, no 15. June 1996 [2016-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-19).
^Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in A Companion to the Roman Empire (Blackwell, 2006), p. 351.
^Though he admits to resorting to it: Martial, 2.43.14. See Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 270; J.P. Sullivan, Martial, the Unexpected Classic: A Literary and Historical Study (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 190.
^At laeva lacrimas muttoni absterget amica ("A girlfriend wipes away Mutto's tears — his left hand, that is"): Lucilius 307 and 959. Kirk Freundenburg has dubbed the muttō of Lucilius "clearly the least finicky of all personified penises in Roman satire": Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 205.
^Antonio Varone, Erotica pompeiana: Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii ("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2002), p. 95; CIL 4.2066, as cited by John G. Younger, Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z (Routledge, 2005), p. 108.
^Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Masturbation: From myth to sexual health. Contemporary Sexuality (Mount Vernon, IA: American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists). March 2003, 37 (3): v. ISSN 1094-5725. OCLC 37229308. Finally, the American medical community pronounced masturbation as normal in 1972 American Medical Association publication, Human Sexuality (Rowan, 2000).
^Patton, Michael S. Masturbation from Judaism to Victorianism. Journal of Religion and Health (Springer Netherlands). June 1985, 24 (2): 133–146 [12 November 2011]. ISSN 0022-4197. doi:10.1007/BF01532257. (原始内容存档于2021-04-05). Social change in attitudes toward masturbation has occurred at the professional level only since 1960 and at the popular level since 1970. [133] … onanism and masturbation erroneously became synonymous... [134] … there is no legislation in the Bible pertaining to masturbation. [135]
^Szasz, Thomas S.Sex. The Second Sin. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1974: 10 [1973] [30 June 2011]. ISBN 0-7100-7757-2. (原始内容存档于2021-03-21). Masturbation: the primary sexual activity of mankind. In the nineteenth century it was a disease; in the twentieth, it's a cure.