聪加语

聰加語
Xitsonga
母语国家和地区莫桑比克南非斯威士蘭津巴布韋
区域林波波省普馬蘭加省加扎省馬普托省馬普托市
族群聰加人
母语使用人数
1,200萬 (2006年–2011年)[1]
南非有340萬人以其作為第二語言(2002年)[2]
語系
文字拉丁字母(聰加語字母表)
聰加語盲文英语Tsonga Braille
聰加語手語英语Signed Tsonga
官方地位
作为官方语言 南非
 辛巴威(作為'薩格尼')
語言代碼
ISO 639-1ts
ISO 639-2tso
ISO 639-3tso
Glottologtson1249[3]
格思里代码S.53 (S.52)[4]
语言瞭望站99-AUT-dc incl. varieties 99-AUT-dca...
-dcg
本条目包含国际音标符号。部分操作系统浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正確显示,否则可能显示为乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。

聰加語(聰加語:Xitsonga),又译宗加语[5],是由非洲南部聪加人所讲的一种语言,属于班图语支[6]。聪加语已有标准化形式,可供学术及日常生活所用。如同其他语言一样,聪加语也存在多种方言

歷史

在1890年至1920年期間,瑞士傳教士亨利-亞歷山大·朱諾英语Henri-Alexandre Junod對聰加語進行非常詳細的研究,他得出的結論是:在十五世紀之前,聰加語(當時他稱之為“通加語”)就已經開始於莫桑比克發展。朱諾以他自己的話來說明,如下[7]

我的結論是,500多年前,該國的原始居民已經使用通加語,而且在過去的幾個世紀裡,其於一定程度的習俗中形成將通加族聯繫在一起的偉大紐帶。

朱諾與包括亨利·貝爾通烏德及歐內斯特·克魯克斯等的其他瑞士傳教士進行進一步的研究,他們開始統一其語言,以便有一種標準的寫作及閱讀方式。“瓜姆巴語”是傳教士用來將其語言身份統一的術語,但許多聰加人並不熟悉這個名字,因此需要用“通加語”或“聰加語”來代替。哈里斯參考了這個[8]

由於在斯佩諾肯以外,瓜姆巴一詞不為人知,亨利·貝爾通烏德建議放棄該術語,並用廣泛接受的聰加語或通加語一詞來取而代之。

瑞士傳教士與聰加人交流,並得到他們的幫助,將《聖經》從英語塞索托語翻譯成聰加語。在1883年,保羅·貝爾通烏德出版第一本書,這本書得到Mpapele(Mbizana)或Mandlati(Zambiki)幫助翻譯。這兩人積極地教導傳教士將語言翻譯,因為沒有一個傳教士熟悉此語言,而且這需要花費大量的時間來學習。最終,第一本屬於聰加人及其語言的書出版。後來,該語言在《南非憲法》中被標示為“聰加語”(Xitsonga,《1996年第108號法案》),並成為其十一種官方語言之一。因此,聰加語的標準化使聰加人有可能形成一種通用的口語以及寫作方式。

聰加語著名姓氏

1. Mabunda 2. Maluleke 3. Mathevula 4. Ngoveni 5. Baloyi 6. Chauke

官方地位

聪加语在南非津巴布韦具有官方语言地位,而在莫桑比克是受承认的语言,至於在斯威士兰则未具有官方地位[9]

参考文献

  1. ^ 聰加語于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development." Impact: Studies in language and society, 14:78
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Tsonga. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  5. ^ 语种名称代码 第1部分:2字母代码(GB/T 4880.1—2005) (PDF). 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 2005-07-15 [2024-05-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-05-14) (中文(简体)). 
  6. ^ Tsonga. Ethnologue. [2019-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05) (英语). 
  7. ^ Junod, Henry (1912, 1927), The Life of a South African Tribe: The Social Life, Neuchatel: Imprimerie Attinger Freres, p. 32–33
  8. ^ Harries, P. 1987, The Roots of Ethnicity: Discourse and the Politics of Language Construction in South-East Africa, University of the Witwatersrand. p. 16
  9. ^ 访问南非须知. sictec.com. [2019-04-05] (中文). 

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