耶夢加得

18世紀冰島手抄本中托爾釣世界蛇的插圖

耶夢加德(Jörmungandr[a]),又譯约尔蒙干德[1]尤蒙剛德[2],或稱為中土巨蛇米德加特大虫Miðgarðsormr[b]),本意是“巨大的怪獸”[3],是北歐神話中的巨大海蛇,是火與詭計之神洛基與女巨人安爾伯達(Angerboda)所生的三名兒女中的次子,哥哥是魔狼芬里爾,妹妹是死神赫爾(Hel)。

根據《埃達經》的記載,耶夢加德是一條身型極為龐大的巨,牠與巨狼芬里爾、死神赫爾都充滿著邪惡的力量。主神奧丁感到洛基的這三名兒女都是阿斯嘉特的重大威脅,也將會是破壞世界的禍根,於是分別想出主意來壓制牠們。奧丁趁耶夢加得還年輕時,就把牠扔進環繞著人間世界的無底深海之中,可是巨蛇的體型已經非常龐大,牠把身子伸展,竟然剛好在深海的另一端咬著自己的尾巴(姿態仿如銜尾蛇)。耶夢加得在海中不能掙脫,只好把身體緊攏著,把整個塵世(Midgard)圍堵了,因而被稱為「世界蛇(World Serpent)」、「塵世巨蟒(Midgard Serpent)」及「圍繞中庭的巨蛇(Midgardsormr,Midgard-Worm)」。而牠生命中的宿敵,就是諸神之中最強的雷神索爾

相關神話

被索爾舉起的貓

洛基的兒女們

某次,雷神索爾探訪外域,遇到了當地的國王烏特迦·洛奇。國王出了一些難題刁難索爾,其中一項便是要求索爾把國王所養的一隻舉起。以力大無窮聞名的索爾接受考驗,誰知使盡力氣都只能舉起貓的一隻腳,這結果令索爾沮喪不已。最後,國王告訴索爾,原來一路以來的考驗都是國王所施的法術,他要求索爾舉起的貓,真身其實就是大蛇耶夢加德。耶夢加得的巨大足以環繞人間世界,而索爾竟然可以把牠舉起一部份,可見索爾的力量如何強大。

垂釣巨蛇

索爾大戰巨蛇(約翰·亨利希·菲斯利,1788年)

另一個關於巨蛇的故事也是跟索爾有關的。某次,索爾隨巨人西米爾出海捕魚,為了向西米爾顯露實力,索爾把船開到離岸遠處,以巨的頭部當作魚餌,放到海洋深處,用盡畢生氣力與咬著牛頭的巨蛇角力,成功把巨蛇引出海面。巨蛇耶夢加德沖到海面後,既驚且怒,牠不斷釋放氣與蛇血,並使力拉扯著,連索爾立足的船隻都受到破壞。這時候,索爾拿起巨想要擊在巨蛇頭上,可是西米爾卻怕得把絲線剪斷了。跌回大海的巨蛇,從此與索爾有著不共戴天之仇。

諸神的黃昏

在北歐神話的末日之戰「諸神的黃昏」中,耶夢加德與地上的邪惡勢力互相產生共鳴。牠從睡夢中甦醒過來,在海底不斷翻騰著,引起滔天巨浪淹沒世界,並且來到阿斯加特的土地上,正式向諸神宣戰。牠的交戰對手,正是與牠有極深恩怨的雷神索爾。索爾深深了解巨蛇的威力,不敢怠慢,三度將雷神之鎚擲向耶夢加德,都被耶夢加得巧妙避過。巨蛇亦不示弱,一直向索爾噴出毒液。最後,索爾成功以巨鎚擊中了巨蛇,巨蛇的毒液亦深入索爾的身體,結果雙方同歸於盡。

流行文化的媒體亮相

參見

参考文献

  1. ^ 世界神话辞典. 辽宁人民出版社. 1989: 315. ISBN 978-7-205-00960-1 (中文). 约尔蒙干德 
  2. ^ 方璧. 北欧神话ABC. 上海书店. 1990: 187. ISBN 978-7-80569-293-7 (中文). 
  3. ^ Simek, Rudolf. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. 1993. ISBN 978-0-85991-369-0 (英语). 

註解

  1. ^ 瑞典語:Jörmungand;冰島語:Jörmungandur
  2. ^ 挪威語:Midgardsormen;丹麥語瑞典語:Midgårdsormen;冰島語:Miðgarðsormur

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