皮膚炎

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皮膚炎
手的皮膚炎
类型皮膚病、皮肤与外皮组织症状[*]、疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科家庭醫學
ICD-10L20-L30
ICD-9-CM692.9
OMIM603165
MedlinePlus000853
MeSHD003872
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

皮膚炎（Dermatitis）是一群導致皮膚發炎的疾病[1]。這些疾病的特點是瘙癢，皮膚紅和皮疹[1]。如果病程初期，可能會有小水泡，若是長期的皮膚炎，皮膚可能會變厚[1]。影響的皮膚區域可以從局部到整個身體[2][1]。

皮膚炎是一群皮膚病，包括異位性皮膚炎、接觸性皮膚炎（過敏性接觸性皮膚炎（英语：Allergic contact dermatitis）、刺激性接觸性皮膚炎（英语：Irritant contact dermatitis））和鬱滯性皮膚炎（英语：Stasis dermatitis）[1][2]。皮膚炎的確切原因往往不清楚[2]，通常包含外來的刺激、過敏和不良靜脈回流（英语：Venous stasis）。皮膚炎的類型一般取決於患者的病史和皮疹的位置，例如，刺激性皮膚炎常常發生於潮濕的雙手，過敏性接觸性皮膚炎可能會在暴露於過敏的物質後發生[1]。

異位性皮炎的治療通常是使用潤膚膏和類固醇藥膏[3]， 一般情況下，類固醇藥膏應具有中至高強度，且每次使用時間不超過兩週，因為可能會出現副作用[4]。如果有皮膚感染症狀，可能需要使用抗生素[2]，接觸性皮炎的治療方式通常是避免過敏原或刺激[5][6]。抗組織胺可以幫助睡眠，同時能減少夜間搔抓的情況[2]。

據估計，2015年全球有2.45億人患有皮膚炎[7]，異位性皮膚炎是最常見的類型，且通常在兒童時期開始[1][2]。 在美國它影響了大約10-30％的人[2]。接觸性皮膚炎在女性的發生率是男性的兩倍[8]。有7%的人在一生中的某個時間點，曾患有過敏性接觸性皮膚炎[9]。刺激性接觸性皮膚炎在某些從事特定工作的人常見，但確切的比率不清楚[10]。

詞義

皮膚炎可分為不同種類，其中共同之處是對某種過敏原出現過敏反應。皮膚炎一詞也可指濕疹。

在一些語言中，“皮膚炎”跟“濕疹”是同義詞，而在另外一些語言中，“皮膚炎”指的是急性的，“濕疹”指的是慢性的。[11]這兩種症狀通常分類在一起。

種類

不同種類的皮膚炎以病因來界別。

接觸性皮膚病由過敏源和刺激物引起。由刺激物引起的接觸性皮膚病佔全部接觸性皮膚病病例的80％ [12]

非類性皮膚炎十分普遍，並愈來愈常見。男女發病率一樣，佔皮膚專家診症的 10％－20％。[13] 住在乾燥都市的人較容易患上此類皮膚炎。

皰疹樣皮炎（Dermatitis herpetiformis）由乳糜瀉這種腸胃系統引起。

脂溢性皮炎在嬰孩或30－70歲的成年人中較常見，患者主要是男性。在愛滋病的患者中，有85％的愛滋病患者有這種皮膚炎。

上肢結締組織交界惡性腫瘤（Nummular dermatitis）是較為罕見的皮膚炎，成因未明，較常出現於中年人士。

淤積性皮炎（Stasis dermatitis）指的是腿部下端發炎，是由血液或體液積聚而成的，於糖尿病患者中較流行。

口周皮炎（Perioral dermatitis）和酒渣鼻（rosacea）相似，於20－60歲中的女士常見。

病癥

全身上下會癢起水泡滲出透明液體。

病因

一些健康狀況、過敏、遺傳因素和刺激可引致皮膚炎。不同的皮膚炎以其刺激因素而分辨。

洗衣肥皂、清潔用品、清潔劑或肥皂液可引致接觸性皮膚病。這類皮膚病可由過敏源引致，過敏源包括橡膠、金屬（鎳）、首飾、化妝品、香水、植物（例如毒常春藤）及抗生素膏藥中的常見成份新黴素。當一個人對某種過敏源有過敏反應時，通常都會畢生都有過敏反應。

治療

目前尚不清楚中药能否治疗皮肤炎抑或有害。[14]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Nedorost, Susan T. Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 1-3,9,13-14 [29 July 2016]. ISBN 9781447128977. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15） （英语）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema). NIAMS. May 2013 [29 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-30）. 
  3. ^ McAleer, MA; Flohr, C; Irvine, AD. Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 23 July 2012, 345: e4770. PMID 22826585. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4770. 
  4. ^ Habif. Clinical Dermatology 6. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 171 [5 July 2016]. ISBN 9780323266079. （原始内容存档于2016-08-17）. 
  5. ^ Mowad, CM; Anderson, B; Scheinman, P; Pootongkam, S; Nedorost, S; Brod, B. Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education.. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. June 2016, 74 (6): 1043–54. PMID 27185422. 
  6. ^ Lurati, AR. Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis.. Workplace health & safety. February 2015, 63 (2): 81–7; quiz 88. PMID 25881659. 
  7. ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 22 August 2015, 386 (9995): 743–800. PMID 26063472. 
  8. ^ Adkinson, N. Franklin. Middleton's allergy : principles and practice. 8. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2014: 566 [2018-01-22]. ISBN 9780323085939. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）. 
  9. ^ 128.4. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set 9. John Wiley & Sons. 2016 [29 July 2016]. ISBN 9781118441176. （原始内容存档于2016-08-15）. 
  10. ^ Frosch, Peter J. Textbook of Contact Dermatitis 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2013: 42 [2018-01-22]. ISBN 9783662031049. （原始内容存档于2016-08-16）. 
  11. ^ Johannes Ring; Bernhard Przybilla; Thomas Ruzicka. Handbook of atopic eczema. Birkhäuser. 2006: 4 [4 May 2010]. ISBN 9783540231332. 
  12. ^ Dermatitis. [2010-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2010-11-11）. 
  13. ^ How common is atopic dermatitis?. [2010-11-06]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-13）. 
  14. ^ Armstrong NC, Ernst E. The treatment of eczema with Chinese herbs: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. August 1999, 48 (2): 262–4. PMC 2014284 可免费查阅. PMID 10417508. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00004.x. 

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