玻质碎屑岩

玻质碎屑岩（英語：Hyaloclastite） 是一種火山碎屑堆積物或角礫岩. 由熔岩流侵入到海底或冰下，其表面被淬火而形成的破碎玻璃質（來自希臘 hyalus）碎片（碎屑）組成。它通常是一層薄的表層，覆蓋在熔岩流的表面或在枕狀熔岩之間。通常與爆炸性、富含揮發性物質的火山噴發有關。陡峭的地形亦能造成玻质碎屑岩。玻质碎屑岩是火山在水下或冰下噴發形成的，或熔岩流從陸上流到達海洋或其他水體内形成的。它的外形通常是大小在一毫米到幾厘米之間的扁平角狀碎片。碎片是由於火山爆發衝擊而形成的，或由於快速冷卻過程中的熱衝擊和散裂而形成的[1]。 在玻质碎屑岩中發現了幾種礦物。碎玄玻璃是一種在水中快速淬火的玻璃質玄武岩。它透明而純淨，在常見的玄武玻璃中缺失氧化鐵晶體。這些玻璃的碎片通常被一層黃色蠟狀橙玄玻璃包圍，該層是由碎玄玻璃與水反應形成的[2]。

玻质碎屑岩山脊是在末次冰期冰下火上噴發形成，是冰島和加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的一個奇特景觀。 平頂火山 （tuyas），這是一種獨特、平頂、陡峭的火山，當熔岩噴出后被厚層冰川或冰蓋阻擋向上形成[3]。

在熔岩三角洲，玻质碎屑岩是在三角洲推進時的前積層。前積層先填滿海底地形，達到海平面，使熔岩在大氣下向前移動，直到再次到達大海[4]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ James D.L. White, Jocelyn McPhie, S. Adam Soule(2015)Chapter 19 - Submarine Lavas and Hyaloclastite, Editor(s): Haraldur Sigurdsson,The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition),Academic Press,2015,Pages 363-375,ISBN 9780123859389,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00019-5. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123859389000195 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
  2. ^ Robert F. Ylagan, Stephen P. Altaner, Antonio Pozzuoli(1996) Hydrothermal alteration of a rhyolitic hyaloclastite from Ponza Island, Italy, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Volume 74, Issues 3–4,1996, Pages 215-231,ISSN 0377-0273,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(96)00046-7. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027396000467)
  3. ^ Herdís H. Schopka, Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Hugh Tuffen（2006）The formation of Helgafell, southwest Iceland, a monogenetic subglacial hyaloclastite ridge: Sedimentology, hydrology and volcano–ice interaction, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 152, Issues 3–4,Pages 359-377,ISSN 0377-0273
  4. ^ Naylor, P.H., Bell, B.R., Jolley, D.W., Purnall, P. & Fredsted, R. 1999. Palaeogene magmatism in the Faeroe-Shetland Basin: influences on uplift history and sedimentation. In: Fleet, A.J. & Boldy, S.A.R. (eds) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 5th Conference, 545-558. Geological Society, London.

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