猶太新年

蜂蜜和苹果,以及浸在蜂蜜中的苹果,是犹太新年 Rosh HaShana 的象征之一

猶太新年希伯來語: ראש השנהro'sh ha-shānāh歲首的意思)是提斯利月[1]希伯來曆:Tishrei)教曆七月、民曆首月的首日,是人、動物和具法律效力文件的新年,同時紀念上帝創造天地和亞伯拉罕以撒向上帝祭獻。定於逾越節後的第163日。節日後的第十日為贖罪節

由於希伯來曆是陰陽合曆西曆太陽曆,所以節日的日子每年不同。目前情形的不會早於9月5日(曾在1899年及於2013年出現)。2089年後就不會早於9月6日,亦不會晚於10月5日(曾在1967年及將於2043年出現)。

在《舊約聖經》《利未記》中,稱為吹角[2]吹角日,在拉比文學和禮儀當中稱為審判日紀念日

語源探究

猶太新年被稱為Rosh HaShanah。Rosh(רֹאשׁ)在希伯來文中是「頭」的意思,ha(הַ)是希伯來文中的定冠詞(等同於英文中的"the"),而shanah(希伯來語:שָּׁנָה)是年的意思。所以希伯來文Rosh HaShanah所代表的就是一年之首,也用來指猶太曆的新年。

Rosh Hashanah這一詞在現今之中並沒有出現於五經(妥拉)。有關於猶太新年的記載在基督教聖經中出現於利未記23:24-25:「你曉諭以色列人說:七月初一,你們要守為聖安息日,要吹角作紀念,當有聖會。甚麼勞碌的工都不可做;要將火祭獻給耶和華。」此處所指「七月初一」也被稱為「吹角節」(Zikhron Teru'ah希伯來語:זִכְרוֹן תְּרוּעָה)、聖安息日(shabbat shabbaton希伯來語:שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן)、倒數第二個安息日(penultimate Sabbath)、默觀安息日(meditative rest day)、及主日聖日(holy day to God)。民數記29:1稱這個節日為「吹角日」(Yom Teru'ah希伯來語:יוֹם תְּרוּעָה)。

慶祝活動

  • 庆祝新年的方式之一是去会堂参加新年宗教仪式,人们要进行三次祈祷,三次吹响羊角号,号声既表示对上帝的敬畏,也表示对上帝的信仰。虔诚的犹太教徒还要在午后到海边、河边或有流水的地方,举行赎罪仪式,诵读《圣经·弥迦书》中一节“将我们的一切罪投于深海”,三次摇动衣服的边,表示抛弃了罪孽而变得纯洁。有人还反省过去一年的罪过,用紙寫上,投入火中,表示洗清了自己的罪。
  • 犹太新年尽管是敬畏和忏悔的日子,但却不应认为是痛苦和悲哀的日子,而应该是喜庆的日子,因为上帝对罪孽的赦免可以确保幸福的到来。全家人通常在这一日团聚,在新年晚宴上要吃苹果蜜饯和蘸有蜂蜜的面包,以象征今后一年的日子将会甜蜜幸福。人们还互送贺年片和新年礼物,不少人还外出旅游,以示欢乐。
  • 正统和保守派犹太教徒通常庆祝两日,改革派犹太人则只庆祝一日。
  • 猶太會堂祈禱、吹用公羊角製成的號 (shofar),提醒審判的到來。
  • 食用圓麵包、沾蜂蜜蘋果、魚頭和石榴,象徵甜蜜和一年的循環。
  • 第一日下午拋石頭或麵包碎入流水中,象徵拋棄罪惡。
  • 第二夜享用新收成的水果
  • 祝福語:Shana Tova (祝你有美好的一年)、Shana Tova Umetukah (祝你有美好甜美的一年)、ketiva ve-chatima tovah (直譯:祝你未來一年被寫得好和封得好)

參考來源

  1. ^ 猶太教新年. 2024-01-20 [2024-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-20) (中文). 
  2. ^ 郭光宇. 認識猶太新年(吹角節). 2021-09-08 [2024-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-20). 

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