潮汐尾

蝌蚪星系

潮汐尾是從一個星系延伸至太空中，是薄且延長的恆星和星際氣體區域。潮汐尾的發生是交互作用星系之間的星系潮汐力作用的結果。星系有潮汐尾的例子力包括蝌蚪星系和雙鼠星系。潮汐力可以讓星系中為數可觀的氣體彈射進入潮汐尾中，例如觸鬚星系，可見的氣態物質有將近一半是在尾的結構內被發現[1]。在這些星系的潮汐尾內，大約10%有恆星形成在尾內發生[2]。總體來看，宇宙中所有的恆星形成大約有1%是在潮汐尾內發生[3]。

一些對交互作用星系有如觸鬚星系，有兩條明顯的尾巴，而其它的只有一條尾巴。大多數的潮汐尾都會隨著所在的星系自轉而略微彎曲。那些似乎是直的潮汐尾實際上可能也是彎曲的，只是從側面看呈現直的狀態。

歷史

這種現在被稱為潮汐尾的現象，是弗裡茨·茲威基在1953年率先進行廣泛的研究[4]。有些天文物理學家表示，他們還疑這種擴展不僅僅是潮汐力的結果[5][6]，包括茲威基自己，也敘述了這種"非正統"的看法[7]。 Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov認為這些尾巴僅由潮汐力造成，是太細也太長（有些大小達到100,000秒差距） [8]，作為重力應該產生廣泛的扭曲。然而，在1972年，著名的天文學家Alar Toomre證明了潮汐尾確實是潮汐力造成的[9]。

註解

  1. ^ Mihos, Christopher J.; et al. Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Star Formation in Interacting Disk Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal. 1993, 418: 82–99. Bibcode:1993ApJ...418...82M. doi:10.1086/173373. 
  2. ^ Jarrett, T. H.; et al. Remarkable Disk and Off-Nuclear Starburst Activity in the Tadpole Galaxy as revealed by the Spitzer Space Telescope. Astronomical Journal. 2006, 131 (1): 261–281. Bibcode:2006AJ....131..261J. arXiv:astro-ph/0510788 可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/498414. 
  3. ^ Naeye, Robert. 'Shot in the Dark' Star Explosion Stuns Astronomers. NASA Goddard Flight Center. 18 December 2007 [18 June 2010]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）. 
  4. ^ Zwicky, Fritz. Luminous and dark formations of intergalactic matter. Physics Today. April 1953, 6 (4): 7–11. Bibcode:1953PhT.....6....7Z. doi:10.1063/1.3061224. 
  5. ^ Zasov, A. V. The Possibility of a Long Lifetime for Intergalactic Arms. Soviet Astronomy – AJ. 1968, 11 (5). Bibcode:1968SvA....11..785Z. 
  6. ^ Gold, T. & Hoyle, F. Cosmic rays and radio waves as manifestations of a hot universe. Paris Symposium on Radio Astronomy. Stanford University Press: 583–588. 1959. 
  7. ^ Zwicky, Fritz. Intergalactic Bridges. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 1963, 9: 17–24. Bibcode:1963ASPL....9...17Z. 
  8. ^ Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. Interaction of Multiple Systems. Problems of Extra-Galactic Research. Macmillan Press: 194–200. 1962 [2016-02-19]. Bibcode:1962IAUS...15..194V. （原始内容存档于2020-12-02）. 
  9. ^ Toomre, Alan & Toomre, Juri. Galactic Bridges and Tails. Astrophysical Journal. 15 December 1972, 178: 623–666. Bibcode:1972ApJ...178..623T. doi:10.1086/151823. 

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