正中隆突

正中隆突
正中隆突（ME）位於圖底部，淺綠色標注
标识字符
拉丁文eminentia mediana hypothalami
MeSHD008473
NeuroNames（英语：NeuroNames）402
NeuroLex（英语：NeuroLex） IDbirnlex_925
TA98A14.1.08.409
TA25784
FMAFMA:74634
《神经解剖学术语（英语：Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy）》

正中隆突（median eminence）亦稱正中隆起，簡稱中突，是重要的室周器，並且是細胞因子等血攜免疫信息分子優先入腦位點及腦脊液經由第三腦室流入第四腦室的必經之路，故而是下丘腦—垂體—內分泌軸上傳下達的關鍵點。正中隆突位於第三腦室底壁上，介於下丘腦與垂體之間的位置，即介於視交叉與漏斗柄之間的位置。正中隆突是大腦七個沒有血腦屏障的區域之一[1]，並且是具有可滲透性的毛細血管的室周器[2][3][4]。它的主要功能是充當着釋放下丘腦激素的途徑[5]，儘管它確實與相鄰的下丘腦弓狀核共享着血管周圍的空間，表明其潛在的感覺作用[6][7]。

結構

正中隆突尾端為沒有微絨毛的區域，室管膜細胞的界限清楚，大部分細胞表面平坦且微絨毛稀少，部分細胞表面輕微隆起且有密集的微絨毛，少部分細胞表面及細胞之間有小的開口樣表現。正中隆突中部室管膜細胞表面膨隆，微絨毛密集，並且可見大小不一的碟狀凹陷及散落的球狀結構（直徑8～15μm），球狀結構表面可見呈網狀分布的串珠狀纖維結構。正中隆突頭端室管膜細胞大小約5～10μm，大部分細胞輕度膨隆，細胞表面有微絨毛結構，部分細胞周邊有稀少的纖毛結構，室管膜細胞表面可見大量散落球狀結構（直徑1～5μm），大部分球狀顆粒表面光滑及飽滿，部分有輕度皺縮，室管膜表面可見交織走形的纖維[8]。

生理學

正中隆突是下丘腦的一部分，調節從該部位釋放的激素[1][5]。它是連接下丘腦及垂體的垂體門系統（英语：Hypophyseal portal system）中，不可以缺少的部分。神經葉（pars nervosa）與下丘腦通過腦垂腺柄的正中隆突進行連接。下丘腦的細小神經元終止於下丘腦的正中隆突。此外，正中隆突是門靜脈系統進入全身循環系統之前，下丘腦分泌物促生長激素聚集的地方[1][5]。這些促生長激素包括促腎上腺皮質激素釋放因子（英语：Corticotropin-releasing hormone）、促性腺激素釋放激素、甲狀腺促素釋素、生長激素釋放激素（英语：Growth hormone–releasing hormone）和多巴胺。這些促生長激素刺激或抑制着腦下垂體前葉（英语：Anterior pituitary）激素的釋放[5]。有解剖學證據表明正中隆突與下丘腦弓狀核和腹側核（英语：Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus）之間存在著雙向通訊[6][7]。

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gross, PM; Weindl, A. Peering through the windows of the brain.. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1987-12, 7 (6): 663–72 [2020-01-14]. PMID 2891718. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1987.120. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  2. ^ Scott, DE; Pepe, GJ. The fetal baboon median eminence as a circumventricular organ: I. Transmission electron microscopy.. Brain research bulletin. 1987-07, 19 (1): 87–94 [2020-01-14]. PMID 3651843. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90170-5. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  3. ^ Johnson, AK; Gross, PM. Sensory circumventricular organs and brain homeostatic pathways.. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1993-05, 7 (8): 678–86 [2020-01-14]. PMID 8500693. doi:10.1096/fasebj.7.8.8500693. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  4. ^ Ganong, WF. Circumventricular organs: definition and role in the regulation of endocrine and autonomic function.. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology. NaN, 27 (5-6): 422–7 [2020-01-14]. PMID 10831247. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03259.x. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Palkovits, M. Neuropeptides in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system: lateral retrochiasmatic area as a common gate for neuronal fibers towards the median eminence.. Peptides. 1984,. 5 Suppl 1: 35–9 [2020-01-14]. PMID 6148739. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90262-6. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Gross, PM. Circumventricular organ capillaries.. Progress in brain research. 1992, 91: 219–33 [2020-01-14]. PMID 1410407. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Shaver, SW; Pang, JJ; Wainman, DS; Wall, KM; Gross, PM. Morphology and function of capillary networks in subregions of the rat tuber cinereum.. Cell and tissue research. 1992-03, 267 (3): 437–48 [2020-01-14]. PMID 1571958. doi:10.1007/bf00319366. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）. 
  8. ^ 秦永，郝慶卯.持續光照後雌性大鼠正中隆起室管膜細胞超微結構的改變.解剖學雜誌.2018，41 (3)：289-292 [2020-01-14].

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