東亞人種
东亚人种 ,是主要分佈於包括東亞 多個國家境內的多個族群的統稱。现代东亚人、东南亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先通過“南路散布”途径南亚进入东南亚大陆,大约在公元前 45,000 年前定居在东亚。截至2020年,東亞地區的总人口为16.77亿,占世界人口的21%。[ 1]
分佈
人种与民族的含義與範圍各有異同。民族主要基於族群的文化认同,而种族主要基於人类的生物学基础。在历史发展过程中,由於文化融合等因素可以使得民族發生变化,同樣种族由於族群的融合等因素,作为遗传特征會被保留下来,進而成為研究族群遷移及融合的依據。
东亚人种主要分佈於东亚 、東南亞 、北亞 地区,汉族 、壯族 、傣族 、京族 、苗族 、朝鮮民族 、大和民族 、阿伊努族 、白族 、回族 、满族 、蒙古族 、蒙古語族群 、尼夫赫人 、羌族 、琉球族 、藏族 以及雅库特人 都是東亞人。[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] 东南亚人和西伯利亚人与东亚人关系密切,与美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的东亚语系是汉藏语系、日语系、阿伊努语系、蒙古语系、通古斯语系、苗族语系、侗台语系、南岛语系和南亚语系。
历史和遗传起源
东欧亚系统发育:根據目前的推測,东亚人的直接祖先的 ESEA 血统起源于东南亚大陆和中国南部,并向外扩展[ 7] 。
来自欧亚人群的古代和现代个体的主成分分析[ 8] 。
在智人在世界上定居的过程中,大约在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到达了东亚。 早期的“走出非洲”血统(70 kya)在西南亚某处以大约 50 kya 的距离分化为可识别的东亚和西欧亚血统。 早期的东亚人使用一条穿过印度的南方路线进入东南亚。 这个早期的东亚血统在末次盛冰期进一步分化,从东亚大陆传出,通过白令陆路约 25 kya 对美洲人口做出了重大贡献。 早期東亞人群可能在大约 35,000 年前的中国某个地方已经初步形成。[ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] 。
从 Y-DNA 研究来看,东歐亚父系血统似乎在大约 50,000 年前从一个单一来源的人群在亚洲扩展,该人群带有父系遗传C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但這群人同時也是北歐亞人與大洋洲相關人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他们穿越喜马拉雅山脉,前往东南亚[ 14] 。
根據目前流行的假說,一个独特的“基础东亚人口”(称为“东亚和东南亚血统”(简称:“ESEA”);是现代东亚人、東南亞矮黑人、东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先), 起源于东南亚大陆(约公元前 45,000 年),并通过多次向南和向北的移民浪潮扩张。 这种“ESEA 血统”也是东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩猎采集者和中国北方发现的天元血统(~40,000BCe)的祖先。“ESEA”血统来自更广泛的“东欧亚”人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (“AASI”) 和澳大利亚人 (“AA”) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,东南亚 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是現代東南亞人的主要祖先來源,現代東南亞人來自更晚近的東亞人群。[ 15] 。
K6 人类遗传祖先常染色體分析,顯示出東亞-東南亞內部遺傳組成更接近,與美洲原住民、安達曼矮黑人、南亞人有較大的差異。[ 16] 。
中南大學 最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表征東亞人的獨特基因和DNA譜系。東亞人可以與歐洲人和非洲人區分開來[ 17] [ 18] 。
最新的遺傳學研究,認為智人在出非洲後,首先在距今四萬到五萬年前,分化為西歐亞人 (West Eurasian)與東歐亞人 (East Eurasian)兩個人群,東歐亞人之後又在分化成東亞人 (East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群 、繩紋人 等人群。之後東亞人在約距今兩萬年前,又在分化成了北東亞人 (Northern East Asian)與南東亞人(Southern East Asian),北東亞人是新石器黃河農夫、古東北亞人與新西伯利亞人的主要基因來源,而南東亞人是新石器長江農夫與現代東南亞人的主要基因來源。現代中國人是在距今萬年以內,由北東亞人與南東亞人混合而形成的。[ 19]
[ 20] [ 21] [ 22]
參考文獻
^ East Asia Countries Total Population . [2020-06-03 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-04-09).
^ Vickers, Edward. History Education and National Identity in East Asia. 2010: 125October 21, 2010. ISBN 978-0415948081 .
^ Demel, Walter; Kowner, Rotem. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage. Brill. 2015: 255April 23, 2015. ISBN 978-9004292925 .
^ Ivanova R, Astrinidis A, Lepage V; 等. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in the Vietnamese population. Eur. J. Immunogenet. December 1999, 26 (6): 417–22. PMID 10583463 .
^ Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link.
^ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea. Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago . Science Advances. 2017, 3 (2): e1601877February 1, 2017. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S . PMC 5287702 . PMID 28164156 . doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877 . ;Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations . Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体 ). 2018, 155 : 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655 . doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 . ;Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua. Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations . Hereditas (施普林格科学+商业媒体 ). April 6, 2018, 155 : 19. PMC 5889524 . PMID 29636655 . doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 . ;Introducing East Asian Peoples (PDF) . International Mission Board. September 10, 2016 [June 11, 2018] . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于May 13, 2018). ;Sloan, Kathleen; Krimsky, Sheldon. Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture. Columbia University Press. 2011: 156. ISBN 978-0231156967 . ;Herreria, Carla. Basically Nobody Knows Who Counts As An Asian Person . The Huffington Post. May 17, 2017 [June 11, 2018] . (原始内容存档 于May 9, 2018). ;Lin, Yu-Cheng; Wang, Mao-Jiun J.; Wang, Eric M. The comparisons of anthropometric characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Applied Ergonomics (Elsevier Ltd.). June 23, 2003, 35 (2): 173–8 [2003]. PMID 15105079 . S2CID 6640984 . doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2004.01.004 . ;Machery, Edouard; O'Neill, Elizabeth. Current Controversies in Experimental Philosophy (Current Controversies in Philosophy). Routledge. 2014: 6February 28, 2014. ISBN 978-0415519670 . ;Ludwig, Theodore M. Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice . LWW. 2003: 165 . ISBN 978-0781740968 . ;Shaules, Joseph. Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living . Multilingual Matters. 2007: 43 . ISBN 978-1847690173 . ;Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter. Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions 1st. Brill Academic Publishing. 2014: 41. ISBN 978-9004285507 . ;Leach, Mark M. Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives. Routledge. 2006: 127. ISBN 978-0789030184 . ;Leibo, Steve. East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017 . Rowman & Littlefield. 2016: 1 . ISBN 978-1475829068 . ;Steinberg, Shirley R.; Kehler, Michael; Cornish, Lindsay. Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Greenwood. June 17, 2010: 58. ISBN 978-0313350801 . ;Salkind, Neil J. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology . Sage Publications. 2008: 56 . ISBN 978-1412916882 . ;Minahan, James B. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2014: xx–xxvi. ISBN 978-1610690171 . ;Stodolska, Monika. Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice. Human Kinetics. 2013: 229. ISBN 978-0736094528 . ;Lim, SK. Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. 2011-11-01: 56. ISBN 978-9812295941 .
^ Leonardo Vallini, Giulia Marciani, Serena Aneli, Eugenio Bortolini, Stefano Benazzi, Telmo Pievani, Luca Pagani. Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa . academic.oup.com. 2022-04-07 [2023-04-28 ] .
^ Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro. Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations . Communications Biology. 2020-08-25, 3 (1). ISSN 2399-3642 . PMC 7447786 . PMID 32843717 . doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 (英语) .
^ Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D. Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans . Nature. 2018-01, 553 (7687) [2023-04-28 ] . ISSN 1476-4687 . doi:10.1038/nature25173 . (原始内容存档 于2022-09-28) (英语) .
^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia . Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28 ] . ISSN 2770-5005 . doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 . (原始内容存档 于2023-04-16) (英语) .
^ Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Quinto-Sánchez, Mirsha; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Camilo Chacón-Duque, Juan; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Lozano, Rodrigo Barquera; Pérez, Gastón Macín; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge. A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation . Nature Communications. 2016-05-19, 7 (1) [2023-04-28 ] . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 4874031 . PMID 27193062 . doi:10.1038/ncomms11616 . (原始内容存档 于2022-11-04) (英语) .
^ Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn. Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021-03-30, 118 (13) [2023-04-28 ] . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 8020671 . PMID 33753512 . doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 . (原始内容存档 于2023-04-09) (英语) .
^ Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives . Science. 2017-12-08, 358 (6368) [2023-04-28 ] . ISSN 0036-8075 . doi:10.1126/science.aai9067 . (原始内容存档 于2023-05-17) (英语) .
^ Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris. A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes . Human Genetics. 2021-02-01, 140 (2). ISSN 1432-1203 . PMC 7864842 . PMID 32666166 . doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9 (英语) .
^ Yang, Melinda A. A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia . Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2022-01-06, 2 (1) [2023-04-28 ] . ISSN 2770-5005 . doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 . (原始内容存档 于2023-04-16) (英语) .
^ Changmai, Piya; Pinhasi, Ron; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Stark, Miriam T.; Ikehara-Quebral, Rona Michi; Reich, David; Flegontov, Pavel. Ancient DNA from Protohistoric Period Cambodia indicates that South Asians admixed with local populations as early as 1st–3rd centuries CE . Scientific Reports. 2022-12-29, 12 (1). ISSN 2045-2322 . PMC 9800559 . PMID 36581666 . doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26799-3 (英语) .
^ Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA . [2020-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-06-18).
^ Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa . [2020-05-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-03-16).
^ Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China . 2020-05-14 [2023-08-30 ] . (原始内容存档 于2023-05-23) (英语) .
^ Zhang, Ming; Fu, Qiaomei. Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 2020-06-01, 62 : 78–84. ISSN 0959-437X . PMID 32688244 . S2CID 220671047 . doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009 (英语) .
^ Vallini, Leonardo; Pagani, Luca. The future of the Eurasian past: highlighting plotholes and pillars of human population movements in the Late Pleistocene . Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 231–241. ISSN 1827-4765 . PMID 36565457 . doi:10.4436/JASS.10013 .
^ Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke. Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 193–230. PMID 36576953 . doi:10.4436/jass.10017 .
参见
汉民族的起源与形成—体质人类学的新视角
刘海萍,云南蒙古族体质特征与群体遗传学特性研究
埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在「世界屋脊」生存