普洱茶熟茶是以云南省一定区域内的云南大叶种晒青毛茶为原料,经过后发酵加工成的散茶和紧压茶。
普洱茶的產地因在清朝时屬雲南省普洱府(今普洱市,2007年前为思茅市),所以以此泛稱之。實際上,現在被稱為滇普洱茶泛指中國雲南地區生產的一种茶叶。
明朝時普洱茶稱普茶,明成祖朱棣曾下令取消天下龙团和凤团等緊壓茶,但不是红茶是绿茶;在邊境的雲南,這種古稱「團茶」的緊壓茶製作工藝保存下來 。
由於普洱茶「渥堆」工藝向來被視為不傳之秘,所以让初次接触的人容易买到不合格的普洱茶;所以選購普洱茶必須找信用良好的商家,若能清楚製茶人、乃至出品茶廠,則更有保障。
普洱茶可依据形状、产地、年代、品级、製作工艺、发酵环境等来分类。
初制毛茶分为春、夏、秋三个规格。春茶又分春尖、春中、春尾三个等级;夏茶又称二水;秋茶称为谷花。普洱茶中以春尖和谷花艺制作而成的普洱茶,香味浓郁,耐泡,汤黄明亮,香气清幽,滋味醇厚。
依照普洱茶的製程,又可分为生茶和熟茶。生茶直接將“毛青茶”蒸压制成型,熟茶則在蒸壓製前加上一道“渥堆”的工序;所謂渥堆,就是將“毛青茶”加水加热,提高茶叶温度,利用菌種的好氧反應,將茶葉中的植物蛋白水解成胺基酸、並破茶葉的葉綠素、氧化產生茶红素及茶褐素。經過“渥堆”這個轉化程序,普洱茶在二個月左右就變得順滑甘甜適合飲用,而生茶則必需再經多年儲存、經過“陳化”始宜飲用。
普洱茶的生茶依據儲存方式,又可以分為“乾倉”及“濕倉”,茶汤味道比较薄,颜色透红。“濕倉”的轉化程序較快,“乾倉”需時更久,但“乾倉”長期陳化的普洱茶風味更佳、價格高昂[1];一般“乾倉”普洱茶要產生茶紅素、俗說“反紅”,根据不同的产地至少需時10-30年。
普洱茶以形状可分为散茶与緊壓茶二類,前者在製成“毛青茶”後即出售,後者將“毛青茶”蒸壓製成磚、沱等各種形式。緊壓茶具有以下多种形状:
普洱茶被国家质检总局于2008年5月13日以总局2008年第60号公告批准实施地理标志产品保护,《地理标志产品 普洱茶》国家标准也由国家质检总局、国家标准委于2008年8月5日以中华人民共和国国家标准批准发布公告2008年第10号(总第123号)批准发布,于2008年12月1日正式实施[3]。
参见:云南省非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录
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