无人航天器

約翰內斯·開普勒號自動運載飛船

无人航天器航天器的一种,包括人造地球卫星空间探测器[1]。按照用途和结构形式的不同,还可被进一步细分。

分类

航天器
无人航天器
人造地球卫星

科学卫星

应用卫星

技术实验卫星

空间探测器

月球探测器

行星和行星际探测器

载人航天器
载人飞船

卫星式载人飞船

登月载人飞船

行星际载人飞船

空间站

航天飞机

空天飞机


空间供电和系统制冷

因为无法长期人为维护,空间无人航天器的供电系统常采用热电发电器与核反应堆、光伏电板组合使用的设计方式。根据麻省理工学院唐爽崔瑟豪斯夫人提出的“唐-崔瑟豪斯理论”,[2][3] 提高电子-空穴的非对称性、增加有效带隙、带边对齐等方法在大多数半导体材料中均可以提高热电发电材料系统的能源转换率。通常也可附件材料纳米化的方法,但该方法更适合运用于低载流子浓度的热电发电材料体系。[4][5]

对电子系统的热管理和制冷技术是维持无人航天器的计算、通讯、遥感系统正常运作的必要前提。目前常采用热电主动制冷技术,包括“珀耳帖冷却器”、“能斯特-埃廷斯豪森冷却器英语Nernst effect”和“唐-崔瑟豪斯冷却器”。

参考文献

  1. ^ ,谢础, 贾玉红, 黄俊, 吴永康. 航空航天技术概论(第2版). 北京航空航天大学出版社. 2008: 8. ISBN 978-7-81124-428-1. 
  2. ^ Dresselhaus, Mildred. New Ideas for Advancing Thermoelectric Performance. mrs.digitellinc.com. Materials Research Society. [October 13, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-19). 
  3. ^ Liu, Weishu. New trends, strategies and opportunities in thermoelectric materials: A perspective. Materials Today Physics. 2017, 1: 50–60 [2023-07-26]. doi:10.1016/j.mtphys.2017.06.001. (原始内容存档于2023-06-19). 
  4. ^ Tang, Shuang; Dresselhaus, Mildred. Building the Principle of Thermoelectric ZT Enhancement. 2014. arXiv:1406.1842可免费查阅 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci]. 
  5. ^ Tang, Shuang. Using Pseudo-ZTs for Thermoelectric Materials Search (PDF). ES Materials & Manufacturing. 2019, 4: 45–50 [2023-07-26]. S2CID 210801068. doi:10.30919/esmm5f213. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-08-02). 

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