思鄉病

思鄉病鄉愁指的是「一個人並非身處故鄉並期望返回故鄉,而感覺到的壓力、憂慮或恐懼」。

醫學中鄉愁的症狀

醫學上,鄉愁的情緒可能產生一些生理心理症狀,可能但不限於:胸腔緊迫、喉嚨緊迫、胸口疼痛,而且可能引發絕望。首先將這些生理或心理症狀看作是精神疾病的人是瑞士醫生讓·雅各·哈德(Jean-Jacques Harder,1656-1711),他在1678年以希臘文詞根(νόστος = nostos = one's homeland = 家鄉, άλγος = algos = pain/longing = 痛苦/憧憬)創造出nostalgia這個新詞。另一種說法是由約翰尼斯·霍費爾(Johannes Hofer,1669-1752)在1688年創造的。(後來這個新詞太過於成功地流布,以致於人們忘了它的來源。當這個詞彙進入日常生活用語之後,它的原始意義-指一種疾病-已經丟失。)

從17世紀後期到19世紀後期,醫生會診斷並治療鄉愁。這個詞彙在其它的語言裡分別為:maladie du pays (country sickness,鄉間-疾病,法語),Heimweh(home-pain,家鄉-痛,德語)和el mal de corazón(heart-pain,心-痛,西班牙語)。

致死的案例時有耳聞,士兵有時藉由解除職務並送返家鄉來成功治癒。1978年,羅伯特·漢米爾頓(Robert Hamilton,1749-1830)報導了一個罹患鄉愁的士兵的案例。

思鄉病的症狀有的時候像流行病一樣。在軍隊中,當打勝仗時思家病比較不常見,相反地,戰況吃緊時則是比較常見的。史载楚汉战争中,项羽及其軍隊被困于垓下,漢軍士兵唱楚地歌曲以引起楚軍思家之情,瓦解戰鬥力,是漢語成语“四面楚歌”的來歷。

1850年代,思家病已經不被視為一種特定的疾病,而被認為是一個病態過程的徵候或者一個階段。它被認為是憂鬱症自殺傾向的表現。然而,思家病在晚至美國南北戰爭時仍然在士兵中診斷出。

到了1870年代,把思家病當作醫療範疇的興趣幾乎已經不見了。多數人把這種疾病的減少當作一件好事,進步的結果。但是有些人哀嘆於失去這種病的根源-即對家鄉的感情。當然,思家病這種現象並沒有跟著它的去醫療化而消失。

其他意涵

雖然鄉愁可能有非常具體、可量的生理症狀,然而鄉愁不只是一種醫學上的狀態。例如:鄉愁是中國今體詩的一項重要的創作動機

參見

參考資料

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