弓蟲症

维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見醫學聲明。
弓蟲症
弓形虫速殖子
症状淋巴結腫大、脑炎、肝腫大、脾腫大[*]、低热[*]、肝脾腫大[*]
类型球虫病、人畜共通傳染病、疾病
病因弓形虫
診斷方法体格检查、免疫螢光[*]、酶联免疫吸附试验、弓形虫染色试验
分类和外部资源
醫學專科传染病科（英语：Infectious disease (medical specialty)）
ICD-111F57
ICD-10B58
ICD-9-CM130.9、​130、​130.7
DiseasesDB13208
MedlinePlus000637
eMedicine229969
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

弓蟲症是一种由弓形虫造成的寄生虫病，[1]成年人感染一般无症状。[2]弓蟲症常会伴随持续几周或几個月的类似于流感的症状（英语：flu-like illness），例如肌肉疼痛、淋巴結触痛。[3]小部分感染者可能会出现眼睛问题。免疫系统较弱者可能会表现出癫痫、协调不良等较为严重的症状。孕妇若受感染，其胎儿有機會染上先天性弓蟲症。[3]

弓蟲症一般通过食用未完全煮熟（含有囊肿）的食物、接触受感染猫的粪便、以及母婴传播传染，偶尔也会有通过輸血染上的。除了这些之外就没有人际传播的情况。[1]弓形虫只会在猫科动物中有性繁殖，但可以感染包括人类在内的大部分恒温动物。[4]要诊断弓虫症，可以检测血中抗体或羊水中的寄生虫DNA。[5]

弓蟲症最重要的预防方法是正确煮熟食物，此外也建议孕妇避免清理猫砂。[6]基本健康、无大碍的感染者一般不需要治疗。孕妇可以使用螺旋霉素（英语：spiramycin）或乙胺嘧啶/磺胺嘧啶配合亚叶酸（英语：folinic acid）治疗。[7]

全球至少半数人口受弓形虫感染，但毫无症状。[8]美国大约有23%人口受感染；[9]世界上部分地区的感染率高达95%。[1]每年大概新增200,000例先天性弓蟲症。[10]弓形虫这种生物由夏尔·尼科勒和Louis Manceaux（英语：Louis Manceaux）于1908年首先描述。1941年确认了母婴传播这一途径。[11]

傳染途徑

弓形蟲是一種細胞內寄生的原蟲，以貓科動物為最終宿主，但大多數冷血動物和溫血動物都會被感染，包括45種哺乳動物、70種鳥類、5種爬行類。傳染的途徑主要是攝取被貓科動物的體液或糞便污染過的食物，例如：

  • 食用生肉或沒有完全煮熟的肉類，特別是豬肉、羊肉和鹿肉
  • 運輸或接觸生肉或生的內臟后，沒有清潔雙手便放到嘴
  • 接觸貓糞便或接觸被貓糞便沾污的物體

孕婦感染到此寄生蟲可以導致流產，因此在準備懷孕前，最好檢查是否感染，若感染可用抗生素治癒[來源請求]；懷孕期間一定要吃煮熟的肉類，注意衛生，避免清理貓的糞便、或清理時小心隔離，並不接觸與貓糞便接觸的物體。每天清理貓砂也可以在寄生蟲產生感染能力以前避免。

寄生蟲的生長時期划分

  • 囊孢時期為初期寄生蟲的型態，一般由貓經糞便排出，如果環境適宜，便會分裂產生孢子，又稱為孢子形成(英語：sporulation)。在分裂前是沒有感染能力的。囊孢時期可以長時間處於環境中，也可以感染水源和生食。[12]
  • 裂殖子形式
  • 裂殖子

症狀

得到弓蟲症會有淋巴結腫大和發燒，婦女和小孩都很容易受到感染。弓蟲症的潛伏期大約是10天-30天。

典型的癥狀如同感冒，淋巴腺腫脹和肌肉酸痛幾天至數周。而如果免疫能力足夠強，不會復發。因此許多病人根本不知道自己染病。然而如果免疫能力比較弱，如愛滋病病人，或老人，感染弓漿蟲會引致其他嚴重的病變。

美國有例子說人類感染後會對貓發生好感。[來源請求]

一般家貓如果沒有食用過生肉、沒有打獵過、都關在室內，是不會受感染，只有衛生習慣不好的飼養方式才會增加飼主的感染率。[13]

近期學術研究

在2016年最新發表的實驗報告中，提及白老鼠於首次感染時，弓形蟲會在感染初期散佈至血液當中，其後才以蟲卵的形態寄宿在心臟或大腦一帶。這反映著人類孕婦若懷孕時首次感染弓形蟲，蟲卵將透過血液感染嬰兒，造成負面影響。而已長期感染者則不會對胎兒造成影響。[14]

參考來源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Epidemiology & Risk Factors. March 26, 2015 [22 August 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-15）. 
  2. ^ Hunter, CA; Sibley, LD. Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors. Nature Reviews Microbiology. November 2012, 10 (11): 766–78. PMID 23070557. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2858. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Disease. July 10, 2014 [22 August 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-15）. 
  4. ^ Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Biology. March 17, 2015 [22 August 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-28）. 
  5. ^ Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Diagnosis. January 10, 2013 [22 August 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-22）. 
  6. ^ Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Prevention & Control. 2013-01-10 [22 August 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-22）. 
  7. ^ Parasites - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Resources for Health Professionals. April 14, 2014 [22 August 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-13）. 
  8. ^ Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH. Toxoplasmosis--a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries. PLoS ONE. March 2014, 9 (3): e90203. PMC 3963851 可免费查阅. PMID 24662942. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30-50% of the world human population. 
  9. ^ Jones JL, Parise ME, Fiore AE. Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014, 90 (5): 794–9. PMC 4015566 可免费查阅. PMID 24808246. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0722. 
  10. ^ Torgerson, PR; Mastroiacovo, P. The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review.. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1 July 2013, 91 (7): 501–8. PMID 23825877. doi:10.2471/blt.12.111732. 
  11. ^ Ferguson DJ. Toxoplasma gondii: 1908-2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2009, 104 (2): 133–48. PMID 19430635. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762009000200003. 
  12. ^ 存档副本. [2012-02-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-11）. 
  13. ^ FRENKEL, J. K. Human toxoplasmosis and cat contact in Costa Rica. Am.J of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1980, 29 (6): 1167–1180. 
  14. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689224/

Read other articles:

Palais de Justice, Brussel

Palais de Justice Palais de justice de Bruxelles (Prancis) Justitiepaleis van Brussel (Belanda) Tampak depan sedang direnovasiInformasi umumGaya arsitektur Eklektik Neoklasik LokasiBrussel, BelgiaKoordinat50°50′12″N 4°21′06″E / 50.83667°N 4.35167°E / 50.83667; 4.35167Koordinat: 50°50′12″N 4°21′06″E / 50.83667°N 4.35167°E / 50.83667; 4.35167Penyewa sekarangPengadilan BelgiaMulai dibangun31 Oktober 1866 (31 Oktober 186...

 

The Kennedys (miniseries)

Not to be confused with The Kennedys (TV series). TV series or program The KennedysGenreHistorical dramaWritten byStephen KronishDirected byJon CassarStarring Greg Kinnear Barry Pepper Katie Holmes Tom Wilkinson ComposerSean CalleryCountry of origin Canada United States Original languageEnglishNo. of episodes8ProductionExecutive producers Michael Prupas Joel Surnow Jonathan Koch Steve Michaels Jon Cassar Jamie Paul Rock Production locationsHamilton, Toronto, in Ontario[1]Cinematograph...

 

Biblia de la Bucureşti

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2012. Kitab Suci Bukares Lambang Wallachia pada halaman pertama kitab suciPengarangRadu dan Şerban GreceanuJudul asli'Biblia adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a Vechiului şi Noului Testament'NegaraWallachiaBahasaRumaniaPenerbitŞerban CantacuzinoTanggal...

Aditya Pratama

Topik artikel ini mungkin tidak memenuhi kriteria kelayakan umum. Harap penuhi kelayakan artikel dengan: menyertakan sumber-sumber tepercaya yang independen terhadap subjek dan sebaiknya hindari sumber-sumber trivial. Jika tidak dipenuhi, artikel ini harus digabungkan, dialihkan ke cakupan yang lebih luas, atau dihapus oleh Pengurus.Cari sumber: Aditya Pratama – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk me...

 

Winterthur

Winterthur Untuk wilayah tak berhubungan di Delaware, Amerika Serikat, lihat Winterthur, Delaware. Winterthur (bahasa Prancis: Winterthour) adalah sebuah kota di Kanton Zürich, Swiss. Dalam bahasa percakapan setempat, kota ini sering disebut Winti. Kota ini terletak di bagian timur Sungai Töss. Zürich terletak di barat laut Winterthur. Pada masa Kekaisaran Romawi, kota ini dikenal sebagai Vitudurum/Vitodurum. Adipati Kyburg mendirikan kota ini pada tahun 1175. Piagam pendirian kota ini jug...

 

Bunuh diri Tyler Clementi

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2012. Tyler ClementiLahirRidgewood, New Jersey, Amerika SerikatMeninggal22 September 2010 (umur 18)Kota New York, New York, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanMahasiswa Tyler Clementi (19 Desember 1991 – 22 September 2010) adalah mahasiswa berumur delapan...

John III Crispo

Duke of the Archipelago from 1480 to 1494 Crispi Coat of Arms John III Crispo (Italian: Giovanni III Crispo) was the eighteenth Duke of the Archipelago, ruling from 1480 when he succeeded his brother, Giacomo III Crispo (r. 1463–1480).[1] Shortly after this, he reincorporated Santorini, which had been ruled by Domenico Pisani, husband of his niece Fiorenza Crispo, into the Duchy.[2] His raising of taxes made him very unpopular among the Greek population of Naxos, however. Th...

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

 

Атлантическая треска

Запрос «Треска» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Атлантическая треска Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Чел�...

Campionati mondiali juniores di sci nordico 2011

Campionati mondiali juniores di sci nordico 2011FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships Competizione Campionati mondiali juniores di sci nordico Sport Sci nordico Edizione 34ª Organizzatore FIS Date 25 - 31 gennaio 2011 Luogo  EstoniaOtepää Discipline Combinata nordica, salto con gli sci, sci di fondo Cronologia della competizione Hinterzarten 2010 Erzurum 2012 Manuale I campionati mondiali juniores di sci nordico 2011 si sono svolti dal 25 al 31 gennaio 2011 a Otepää, in Estonia...

 

Alden Park Towers

United States historic placeAlden Park TowersU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of MichiganShow map of the United StatesInteractive mapLocation8100 E. Jefferson Ave.,Detroit, MichiganCoordinates42°21′5″N 82°59′40″W / 42.35139°N 82.99444°W / 42.35139; -82.99444Built1922; 102 years ago (1922)Architectural styleTudor RevivalMPSEast Jefferson Avenue Residential TRNRHP reference No.85002933[1]Added to NRHP...

 

Television in Scotland

Scottish television redirects here. For the television channel, see Scottish Television. Television in Scotland mostly consists of UK-wide broadcasts, with regional variations at different times which are specific to Scotland. The BBC and ITV networks both began broadcasting in the country during the 1950s. There were further expansions in the early 1960s with the arrival of Grampian, Border and BBC2 television. The experience of commercial expansion of television services in Scotland since h...

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

Whitehall

Road in the City of Westminster, in Central London For other uses, see Whitehall (disambiguation). WhitehallWhitehall pictured in 2012, with The Cenotaph and Monument to the Women of World War II in the middle of the carriageway, and the Elizabeth Tower housing Big Ben in the background.Location within Central LondonFormer name(s)The Street, King StreetPart ofA3212Maintained byTransport for LondonLength0.4 mi (0.64 km)[1]LocationWestminster, LondonPostal codeSW1Nearest Tube ...

 

Breaking News (film 2004)

Breaking NewsSutradaraJohnnie ToProduserJohnnie ToCao BiaoDitulis olehChan Hing-KaiYip Tin-ShingMilkyway Creative TeamPemeranRichie JenKelly ChenNick CheungCheung Siu-FaiPenata musikBen CheungChung Chi-WingSinematograferCheng Siu-KeungPenyuntingDavid M. RichardsonPerusahaanproduksiMedia Asia FilmsChina Film GroupMilkyway ImageDistributor Media Asia DistributionTanggal rilisHong Kong: 10 Juni 2004Festival Film Cannes: 22 Mei 2004Toronto Film Festival: 16 September 2004Thailand: 11 Novemb...

Carlo Galetti

Italian cyclist (1882–1949) Carlo GalettiCarlo GalettiPersonal informationFull nameCarlo GalettiNicknameLo Scoiattolo dei Navigli (The Squirrel of the Canals), The Human Stopwatch[1]Born(1882-08-26)26 August 1882Corsico, ItalyDied2 April 1949(1949-04-02) (aged 66)Milan, ItalyTeam informationRoleRiderProfessional teams1901–1905Individual1906–1907Rudge Whitwort/OTAV1908Alycon/Atala1909Legnano/Rudge Whitworth-Pirelli1910Medusa1911Bianchi1912Atala/Senior-Polack1913...

 

Gran Bretagna ai Giochi della XX Olimpiade

Gran Bretagna ai Giochi della XX OlimpiadeMonaco di Baviera 1972 Codice CIOGBR Comitato nazionaleAssociazione olimpica britannica Atleti partecipanti284 in 18 discipline Di cui uomini/donne210 - 74 PortabandieraDavid Broome Medagliere Posizione 12ª 4 5 9 18 Cronologia olimpica (sommario)Giochi olimpici estivi 1896 · 1900 · 1904 · 1908 · 1912 · 1920 · 1924 · 1928 · 1932 · 1936 · 1948 · 1952 · 1956 · 1...

 

Sita Samahit Sthal

Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sita Samahit Sthal – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sita Samahit Sthal (Sitamarhi) Templeसीता समाहित स्थल (सीताम...

Arco della Vittoria

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento palazzi della Liguria non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Arco della VittoriaLocalizzazioneStato Italia RegioneLiguria LocalitàGenova IndirizzoPiazza della Vittoria Coordinate44°24′11.05″N 8°56′41.86″E44°24′11.05″N, 8°56′41.86″E Informazioni generaliCondizionicompletato Inaugurazi...

 

دامار

دامار     الإحداثيات 39°19′09″N 99°35′03″W / 39.3192°N 99.5842°W / 39.3192; -99.5842   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة رووكس  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 0.489846 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 642 متر  عدد السكان  عدد السكان 112...